Direct development has evolved in rhacophorine frogs independently from other anuran lineages, thereby offering an opportunity to assess features associated with this derived life history. Using a developmental series of the direct-developing Philautus silus (Ranidae: Rhacophorinae) from Sri Lanka, we examine features of cranial morphology that are part of a suite of adaptations that facilitate...

BACKGROUND Cartilage tissue has limited regenerative capacity and the management of cartilage defects has always been a challenging issue. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has been recently been used to improve healing of cartilage defects. In the present experiment, we aimed to investigate the effects of PRP on regeneration capacity as well as survival of the cartilage grafts in a rabbit model. M...

The descriptions of the lung during the latter half of the last century, notably by Aeby (1880) and Ewart (1889),. and also the more modern work by Miller (1947) and Engel (1947) give descriptions of the cartilages in the trachea, carina, and main bronchi, but are disappointing in their lack of detailed information about the cartilages in the intrapulmonary bronchi. On this subject the authors ...

tion of the heart, and particularly of the right ventricle, when the heart is in its correct central position. If during intra-uterine life the heart is not central and during development lies to the left side, leaving the mediastinum empty, there will be no positive force to elevate the sternum, but rather a negative pressure which will suck it in. The ribs and sternum ossify early, but the co...

The authors describe a new rhinoplasty operation that is entirely subperichondrial and preserves both Pitanguy's ligament and the scroll ligament. They believe that dissec-tion in the subperichondrial plane is less traumatic than in the sub-superficial musculoaponeurotic system (sub-SMAS) or subcutaneous plane and that restoring the integrity of the ligaments minimizes the potential for a supra...

Lateral lymph node metastasis (LNM) is not uncommon in papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC). Our present study aimed to investigate the risk factors associated with lateral LNM in PTMC.We retrospectively collected data pertaining to 366 patients with PTMC who underwent surgery at our center from 2010 to 2015. These patients were divided into the following 2 groups: a lateral LNM-positive gro...

this paper deals with three-dimensional evaluation of the slopes on the basis of limit analysis. an upper-bound technique of limit analysis is used in this paper to determine either the bearing capacity of a shallow foundation near a slope or the safety factor of the slope. the theorems of limit analysis (upper and lower bound) provide a powerful tool for solving problems in which limit loads n...

The vocal organ of birds, the syrinx, is formed by modified cartilages of the trachea and bronchi. Recently, the use of thin, flexible endoscopes has made direct observation of the syrinx possible in situ. The effects of direct muscle stimulation on the syringeal aperture identified adductor and abductor muscles, confirming results from electromyographic studies. Endoscopic observations also re...