The present article intends to start introduction to the political thinking of          Machiavelli by passing through some key concepts in his thinking, and by placing his idea in the area of political thinking. Surveying ethics in Machiavelli’s political thinking needs     separate individual ethics from political (civil) one.  And explaining Machiavelli’s remarks about the category of ethics...

implementation of the right of defence in the modern administrative law is very important as widely recognized in the world's important legal systems. the object of this paper is to determine the conditions of this right and then, to compare its situation in european :union: and iran's legal system. the conditions of this right are hearing, access to file and knowledge of the reasons ...

Since the early twentieth century, the Supreme Court has interpreted the Eighth Amendment prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment as a progressive mandate that draws its meaning from “the evolving standards of decency that mark the progress of a maturing society.” In applying this standard, the Court looks to such objective considerations as legislative enactments, patterns of jury dec...

In this article we analyze the structure and content of the political conversations that took place through the micro-blogging platform Twitter in the context of the 2011 Spanish legislative elections and the 2012 US presidential elections. Using a unique database of nearly 70 million tweets collected during both election campaigns, we find that Twitter replicates most of the existing inequalit...

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The main task involves an attempt to characterize a disordered law and concerns characterizing the most important aspects of disorder.
 THE PROBLEMS AND METHODS: article are terminological conceptual arrangements. Therefore, method linguistic analysis was used, adapting conceptions knew in ­theory philosophy needs concept PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: Starting from main, kn...

the present article has adopted a critical discourse perspective to study ahmad-e jām’s ons al-tāʾebīn. ahmad-e jām (b. 1049 ad in nāmaq, near toršīz, khorasan; d. 1141ad) was one of the mystics of khorasan, iran. traces of cultural transition can be found in his works and ons al-tāʾebīn is his masterpiece. the book mainly criticizes the official mysticism of the writer’s time. the cult which h...