Equal channel angular pressing (ECAP), expansion equal (Exp.-ECAP), and hybrid (HECAP) or (Hybrid ECAP) processes were applied to pure copper specimens within this study. After the application of ECAP, die used in Exp.-ECAP process was optimized considering strain inhomogeneity specimen maximum load that occurred during process. Finite element method (FEM), artificial neural network (ANN), gene...