The concept of hormesis, or low-dose U-shaped responses, is now well established in toxicology and pharmacology but requires development in medicine and therapeutics. In doing so, care must be taken to not confuse metaphorical and chemical uses of the term hormesis. Low dose, continuous adaptive responses are fundamentally different than conventional pharmacology, and they may improve the scien...

Introduction Despite their limited licensed indications, anti-IL1 agents are often used in real-life practice for an increasing number of diseases. A national survey to record the off-label use of this class of therapeutics in France was started in January 2011. The survey is coordinated by the French National Reference Centre for Auto-inflammatory Diseases, under the aegis of the “Club Rhumati...

Introduction A factual account of the wounds received by a soldier during one of the land battles in the Falklands Campaign is presented together with an account of his initial (first and second line) and subsequent (third and fourth line) treatment_ Comments and suggestions are offered on aspects of treatment given in the first and second line medical facilities as they existed during the Falk...

Background and Objective: This study assessed price differences by comparing annual treatment costs of similarly available orphan drugs in France, Germany, Italy, Norway, Spain, Sweden, and UK. Methods: Annual treatment costs per drug were calculated using ex-factory prices from IHS POLI and country price databases. The treatment cost in the comparator country was compared to the UK and ratios ...

Word learning consists of at least two neurocognitive processes: learning from input during training and memory evolution during gaps between training sessions. Fine-grained analysis of word learning by normal adults provides evidence that learning from input is swift and stable, whereas memory evolution is a point of potential vulnerability on the pathway to mastery. Moreover, success during l...

INTRODUCTION Spontaneous retropharyngeal haematoma is an unusual condition. It has multiple aetiological factors and can present to a number of specialists including the otolaryngologist. CASE PRESENTATION We describe a case of spontaneous retropharyngeal haematoma which demonstrates the dramatic presentation and emphasises the need for a conservative approach. CONCLUSION It is important to...

Since 2004, the Italian Department for Civil Protection and the Ministry of Health have implemented a national program for the prevention of heat-health effects during summer, which to-date includes 34 major cities and 93% of the residents aged 65 years and over. The Italian program represents an important example of an integrated approach to prevent the impact of heat on health, comprising Hea...

In hepatectomized rabbits a progressive decrease in blood fibrinogen occurs. Partial defibrination in the liverless rabbit invariably results in a progressive decrease in blood fibrinogen preceded by a temporary and slight rise. No evidence has been secured of fibrinogen regeneration in the absence of the liver. From this it follows that the liver is the essential source of fibrinogen and in al...

OBJECTIVES Once weekly dosing of alendronate has been shown to provide equivalent efficacy to once daily dosing for treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Whether patients will prefer weekly dosing to daily dosing for a chronic condition such as osteoporosis has not been studied. The aim of this international study was to assess preference for the weekly or daily dosing regimen of a...