Ballistic electron emission microscopy is used to study the formation of ultrathin tunnel barriers by the oxidization of aluminum. An O2 exposure, approximately 30 mTorr sec, forms a uniform tunnel barrier with a barrier height straight phi(b) of 1.2 eV. Greater O2 exposure does not alter straight phi(b) or the ballistic transmissivity of the oxide conduction band. Tunneling spectroscopy indica...

The transmission characteristics of wire grid polarizers fabricated in finite apertures are investigated by using a three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain formulation. Specifically, the optical transmissivity and extinction ratio are characterized for a wide variety of geometrical parameters including aperture size in both dimensions, conducting wire fill factor, and polarizer thicknes...

Abszracl-Satellite microwave scatterometer wind retrievals, given in the standard product (e.g., QuikSCAT LZB), badly underestimate the peak wind speed in tropical cyclones. One important reason is that the effects of precipitation on the normalized radar cross section sigma-0 are neglected in the processing algorithms. This paper presents results of a first attempt to provide sigma-0 correctio...

Abstract Hydrogeological parameters are very uncertain to specify in the groundwater flow models. Hence, it is important a range for these be further utilized by model users. In El-Qaa Plain, previous researchers have determined hydrogeological such as transmissivity, hydraulic conductivity, and mean annual recharge rate using geophysical methods, pumping tests, hydrological models, However, th...