Incidental ribosome stalling during translation elongation is an aberrant phenomenon during protein synthesis and is subjected to quality control by surveillance systems, in which mRNA and a nascent protein are rapidly degraded. Their detailed molecular mechanisms as well as responsible factors for these processes are beginning to be understood. However, the initial processes for detecting stal...

1. introduction in recent years, thanks to efforts made by such scholars as maria tymoczko, translation studies has started a movement towards reacting to euro-centrism in the discipline. the movement stresses the necessity for internationalization of translation theory and the significance of taking into account translation traditions all over the world. the authors of the present paper do bel...

Human judges weigh many subtle aspects of translation quality. But human evaluations are very expensive. Developers of Machine Translation systems need to evaluate quality constantly. Automatic methods that approximate human judgment are therefore very useful. The main difficulty in automatic evaluation is that there are many correct translations that differ in choice and order of words. There ...

Supplementary data selection from out-of-domain or related-domain data is a well established technique in domain adaptation of statistical machine translation. The selection criteria for such data are mostly based on measures of similarity with available in-domain data, but not directly in terms of translation quality. In this paper, we present a technique for selecting supplementary data to im...

Translation Environment Tools make translators' work easier by providing them with term lists, translation memories and machine translation output. Ideally, such tools automatically predict whether it is more effortful to post-edit than to translate from scratch, and determine whether or not to provide translators with machine translation output. Current machine translation quality estimation s...

A number of machine translation systems based on the learning algorithms are presented. These methods acquire translation rules from pairs of similar sentences in a bilingual text corpora. This means that it is difficult for the systems to acquire the translation rules from sparse data. As a result, these methods require large amounts of training data in order to acquire high-quality translatio...

Probabilistic synchronous context-free grammar (PSCFG) translation models define weighted transduction rules that represent translation and reordering operations via nonterminal symbols. In this work, we investigate the source of the improvements in translation quality reported when using two PSCFG translation models (hierarchical and syntax-augmented), when extending a state-of-the-art phraseb...

Lacking widely accepted and reliable evaluation measures, the evaluation of Machine Translation (MT) and translation tools remains an open issue. MT developers focus on automatic evaluation measures such as BLEU (Papineni et al., 2002) and NIST (Doddington, 2002) which primarily count n-gram overlap with reference translations and which are only indirectly linked to translation usability and qu...