The ability to sequence genomes has far outstripped approaches for deciphering the information they encode. Here we present a suite of techniques, based on ribosome profiling (the deep sequencing of ribosome-protected mRNA fragments), to provide genome-wide maps of protein synthesis as well as a pulse-chase strategy for determining rates of translation elongation. We exploit the propensity of h...

This paper proposes a learning and extracting method of word sequence correspondences from non-aligned parallel corpora with Support Vector Machines, which have high ability of the generalization, rarely cause over-fit for training samples and can learn dependencies of features by using a kernel function. Our method uses features for the translation model which use the translation dictionary, t...

Introduction: The adaptive evolutionary ability is one of the remarkable characteristics of living things, which allows them to survive in various environments by changing gene expression and gene function. It also should enable a particular species, even primitive lifeforms, to become extremely diverse, as can be found all over the world. The in vitro reconstitution of these adaptive abilities...

Human intelligence exhibits compositional generalization (i.e., the capacity to understand and produce unseen combinations of seen components), but current neural seq2seq models lack such ability. In this paper, we revisit iterative back-translation, a simple yet effective semi-supervised method, investigate whether how it can improve generalization. work: (1) We first empirically show that bac...

Since the emergence of the cultural turn in translation studies, external factors affecting translation have re- ceived attention in this field. Macro factors such as culture, politics in target contexts, history, ideological manipulation, and translators’ institutional rules have become the concern of translation studies. Consider- ing these factors, the current...

One way animals may cope with nutrient deprivation is to broadly repress translation by inhibiting 5'-cap initiation. However, under these conditions specific proteins remain essential to survival during fasting. Such peptides may be translated through initiation at 5'UTR Internal Ribosome Entry Sites (IRES). Here we show that the Drosophila melanogaster Forkhead box type O (dFoxO) transcriptio...

PKR, an interferon (IFN)-inducible protein kinase activated by double-stranded RNA, inhibits translation by phosphorylating the initiation factor eIF2alpha chain. We show that human IFN-gamma mRNA uses local activation of PKR in the cell to control its own translation yield. IFN-gamma mRNA activates PKR through a pseudoknot in its 5' untranslated region. Mutations that impair pseudoknot stabili...

The 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) of hepatitis C virus (HCV) messenger RNA stimulates viral translation by an undetermined mechanism. We identified a high affinity interaction, conserved among different HCV genotypes, between the HCV 3'UTR and the host ribosome. The 3'UTR interacts with 40S ribosomal subunit proteins residing primarily in a localized region on the 40S solvent-accessible surfac...

In Escherichia coli, the major nucleoid protein H-NS limits transcription by acting as a repressor or transcriptional silencer, presumably by its ability to close the looped chromosome domains in the nucleoid through DNA-protein-DNA bridging. Here, we demonstrate the direct involvement of H-NS as a positive factor stimulating translation of the malT mRNA. In vitro studies showed that H-NS facil...

This article concerned with the translation of Quranic verses to Braille symbols, by using Visual basic program. The system has the ability to translate the special vibration for the Quran. This study limited for the (Noun + Scoon) vibrations. It builds on an existing translation system that combines a finite state machine with left and right context matching and a set of translation rules. Thi...