IP multicast suffers from scalability problems for large numbers of multicast groups, since each router keeps forwarding state proportional to the number of multicast tree passing through it. In this paper, we present and evaluate aggregated multicast, an approach to reduce multicast state. In aggregated multicast, multiple groups are forced to share a single delivery tree. At the expense of so...

Transportation for any country is a vital aspect of its social and economic life; it enhances trade needs whereby the country’s manufacturing, industrial tourism and distribution needs are served. Therefore, a vibrant, responsive, effective and efficient transport system will enhance Nigeria’s economic, developmental and strategic roles in the global system/economy. It is for this reason that T...

The execution of orders on stock exchanges is managed by a set of formalized rules based on price and time priority. Nevertheless, orders issued by investors do not show-up directly in the market system : they transit through the brokerage intermediation where they can be arranged in different sequences. We show that the latter operation has a critical impact on investors. In this paper, we pro...

Despite the potential for changes during transit or preservation, the physicochemical properties of leaves are typically measured in a laboratory setting. A suite of laboratory methods adapted for use in the field is described here. The equipment is portable and operable in remote environments. Each technique has been validated against laboratory standards and has been tested throughout the tro...

The observed decline in Arctic sea ice is projected to continue, opening shorter trade routes across the Arctic Ocean, with potentially global economic implications. Here we quantify, using Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 global climate model simulations calibrated to remove spatial biases, how projected sea ice loss might increase opportunities for Arctic transit shipping. By mid...

The border between two countries is not only a passway to travel across, and legal trade transit; it also the cause of socio-economic cultural transmission, sometimes can create political criminal activities. This paper highlights how Nepal India has created contestation with different activities from sociocultural celebration economic relations, terrorism It traces historical contexts setting ...

Introduction: Electronic portal imaging devices (EPIDs) could potentially be useful for intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) and VMAT QA. The data density, high resolution, large active area, and efficiency of the MV EPID make it an attractive option. However, EPIDs were designed as imaging devices, not dosimeters, and as a result they do not inherently measure dose in ...

Multicast state scalability is among the critical issues which delay the deployment of IP multicast. In our previous work, we proposed a scheme, called aggregated multicast to reduce multicast state. The key idea is that multiple groups are forced to share a single delivery tree. We presented some initial results to show that multicast state can be reduced, sometimes at the expense of bandwidth...

The standardised freight container was one of the most important innovations of the 20th Century. Containerised cargoes travel from their point of origin to their destination by ship, road and rail as part of a single journey, without unpacking. This simple concept is the key element in cheap, rapid transport by land and sea, and has led to a phenomenal growth in global trade. Likewise, contain...

Container transport, an integral part of intercontinental trade, has steadily increased over the past few decades. The productivity of such a system, in part, hinges on the efficient allocation of terminal resources such that the container transit time is minimized. This study provides an analytical framework, which entails efficient scheduling of quay and yard cranes, to minimize the time spen...