trade linearization according to scale, composite, and technology effects, changes the environment quality. on the other hand, trade liberalization, increases capital flow in the world. based on pollution haven hypothesis, polluted intensive industries move from the countries with stringent environmental policies to those with more relaxed environmental policies. in order to evaluate the effect...

The international trade in animals and animal products has become a sensitive issue for both developed and developing countries by posing an important risk for the international spread of animal and human pathogens whilst at the same time being an essential activity to ensure world-wide food security and food safety. The OIE has since its founding in 1924, applied a democratic and transparent d...

We present a theory of why some countries negotiate trade agreements during economic downturns. We argue that political leaders can gain from such agreements because of the signals they send to their publics. Publics are less likely to blame leaders for bad economic conditions when they have implemented sound economic policies, such as signing and implementing agreements designed to liberalize ...

This note projects forward into the distant future number of countries existing under regimes different levels economic liberalism by deriving a transition probability matrix from Economic Freedom World data. Naively extrapolating trends 1970-2020 suggests modest majority 165 will be economically free in long-run steady state, with results driven improvements variables associated freedom to tra...

SOCIETIES THRIVE AS ECONOMIC FREEDOM GROWS F more than two decades, the Index of Economic Freedom has documented the vital role of economic freedom in promoting human progress. People living in nations with higher degrees of economic freedom prosper because their governments rely on systems of free markets to regulate economic activity. At their best, operating without interference, free market...