BACKGROUND Virulence genes can spread among commensal bacteria through horizontal gene transfer. The bacterium with novel virulence factors may pose a severe threat to public health because of the absence of a management system unlike known pathogens. Especially, when a pathogenic bacterium acquires a new kind of virulence genes, it tends to exhibit stronger virulence. In this study, we analyze...

Lake stratification strengthens with increasing surface water temperatures, thereby reducing the depth of mixed layer. Phytoplankton communities are not only exposed to different nutrient availability within a column, but also light quality. We conducted controled laboratory and mesocosm experiments investigate phytoplankton, especially cyanobacteria, responses quality mixing depths. Our experi...

Aeromonas hydrophila infection can cause mass mortality fish and result economic losses for farmers. These is bacterium secretes substances or compounds that support its virulence by producing toxins extracellular proteins in the form of enzymes. This study aimed to determine activity β-hemolysin toxin, DNase enzyme gelatinase A. isolated from catfish (Clarias batrachus) Sidoarjo. research was ...

Microbial toxins are important factors that contribute to human diseases and food losses. Predicting the production of these before they occur is a significant challenge. In this study, we innovatively developed strategy called targeted acquisition toxin-related immunogen (TATRI) identify early diagnostic biomarkers for microbial toxins. Taking Aspergillus flavus as an example, employed immunoa...

The immunochromatographic assay, which targets Shiga toxin 1/verotoxin 1 (VT1) and/or Shiga toxin 2/verotoxin 2 (VT2) independently with same test device, was used for easily, rapidly and specifically detecting verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli among E. coli strains from food and fecal materials. All 10 strains of VT 1 and/or VT 2- producing E. coli among E. coli isolates from various source...

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for determining the toxigenicity of Corynebacterium diphtheriae is presented. The assay uses hyperimmune horse diphtheria antitoxin as a capture antibody and mouse monoclonal diphtheria antitoxin as a detecting antibody. Growth of bacteria and capture of diphtheria toxin by antitoxin are carried out in one step. Toxin produced by as little as 100 toxin-produ...