Recognition of the pitch of a tone is disrupted by the interpolation of other tones during the retention interval. The disruptive effect of an interpolated tone varies systematically as a function of its pitch relationship to the tone to be remembered, and is maximal at a ⁄3-tone separation. When such a tone is interpolated, the interpolation in addition of a further tone that is ⁄3 tone remove...

The absence of tone marks in text can be considered an instance of defective writing. Yet most writing systems of tone languages in Africa do not mark tone. This adds to ambiguity, which must be resolved on the basis of the context. Using tone-marked lexicons and tone rules the ambiguity can be resolved. This paper deals with a further problem, i.e. how to insert tone marks into a text without ...

We propose an Encoder-Classifier framework to model the Mandarin tones using recurrent neural networks (RNN). In this framework, extracted frames of features for tone classification are fed in to the RNN and casted into a fixed dimensional vector (tone embedding) and then classified into tone types using a softmax layer along with other auxiliary inputs. We investigate various configurations th...

Traditional analyses viewing tone 3 sandhi as categorical change fail to account for differences between sandhi tone 3 and tone 2. A new analysis claiming that tone 3 sandhi is a tonal reduction is proposed within the OT framework. In the present analysis both tone 3 sandhi and tone 4 sandhi are viewed as tonal reductions and the same basic set of constraints are used to accommodate both tone s...

While airways have some degree of baseline tone, the level and variability of this tone is not known. It is also unclear whether there is a difference in airway tone or in the variability of airway tone between asthmatic and healthy individuals. This study examined airway tone and intraindividual airway tone heterogeneity (variance of airway tone) in vivo in 19 individuals with asthma compared ...

This paper proposes an approach to improving the correctness of tone of the synthesized speech which is generated by an HMM-based Thai speech synthesis system. In the tree-based context clustering process, tone groups and tone types are used to design four different structures of decision tree including a single binary tree structure, a simple tone-separated tree structure, a constancy-based-to...

Tone is an essential component for word formation in all tone languages. Substantial work has been done on using tone information to improve speech recognition of tone languages. In this paper, a new method, called Parallel Tone Score Association (PTSA), for effectively and efficiently using tone in speech recognition is proposed. Experimental results show that the relative character error rate...

Tone merging and tonal confusion have been an interesting issue for a long time. This paper tries to investigate whether there is the phenomenon of merging tone in Hailu Hakka production. We focus on sandhi related tone pairs and level tone pairs. The results show that tone 24 and tone 33 is undergoing a sound change of merging in the younger speakers. It is proposed that both allophonic rules ...

Past research on categorical perception of lexical tone has produced contradictory results. In Experiment 1 tonal (Mandarin, Vietnamese) and non-tonal (Australian) adults were tested for identification and discrimination on speech and non-speech (sine-wave) tone continua. Tonal language speakers’ category boundaries and discrimination peaks were near the middle of the asymmetric continuum, wher...