The use of an isolation box test (IBT) to characterize personality traits has been used in non-bovine species with success. We aimed develop IBT for dairy calves and determine if the behavioral responses were associated found from traditional tests (novel person, novel object, a startle tests) average daily gain (ADG; Kg/d) through weaning. Calf movement while was measured via accelerometers at...

The study examined language learning anxiety factors, hindering EFL learners’ process of learning, particularly in speaking settings and recommended useful approaches to cope with it. Using the quantitative approach as well as a qualitative semi-structured interview and focus-group discussion method, this study tried to examine the factors behind language anxiety among Iranian language learners...

Despite the growing interest in Internet-based teaching and the application of advanced Internet technologies in education, research investigating the use of advanced Internet-based technologies has been very scarce. The objective of this study is to gain a better understanding of factors influencing students’ actual usage of sophisticated Internet-based technologies (IBT) in virtual classroom ...

We show how to value a real option on a commodity using an implied binomial tree (IBT) that is calibrated using commodity futures options prices. Until now it has been assumed that spot options are required to be traded on the underlying asset in order to use an IBT; this requirement is, however, typically not met with commodities. We make two major contributions: First, by showing how to imple...

Abstract Inter-basin water transfer (IBT) is widely used to mitigate shortage at the cost of compromising availability in water-exporting regions. Yet, we do not know how efficient are IBTs alleviating inter-regional stress a changing climate and supply-demand context. From socio-hydrological perspective, here quantify efficiency more than 200 across United States by Stress Relief Index that me...

This pilot study investigated whether there is a correlation between English reading proficiency of Japanese EFL learners and their ability to read aloud properly. The former was measured through a reading comprehension test under the format of the Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL), whereas the latter was evaluated in terms of (1) the use of correct breath/sense groups, (2) rate of ...

This study examined the construct validity of the e-rater automated essay scoring engine as an alternative to human scoring in the context of TOEFL essay writing. Analyses were based on a sample of students who repeated the TOEFL within a short time period. Two e-rater scores were investigated in this study, the first based on optimally predicting the human essay score and the second based on e...

Kidney surface cooling was used during implantation to assess the effect of warm ischemia elimination on allograft function, histological changes and immune-related gene expression. 23 recipients were randomly assigned to a group operated on with kidney surface cooling during implantation (ice bag technique, IBT group), and the other 23 recipients receiving the contralateral kidney from the sam...