Anti-fatigue properties of tartary buckwheat extracts (TBE) was investigated in male Kunming mice. The animals were divided into four groups. The first group, designated as the control group (control), was administered with distilled water by gavage every day for 28 days. The other three groups, designated as TBE treatment groups, were administered with TBE of 60, 120 and 240 mg/kg body weight,...

The need for highly effective tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) vaccines has increased globally due to a variety of factors including climate, social, economic and demographic changes, which are thought to have promoted the expansion of the endemic region of TBE viruses. The first TBE vaccine, FSME-IMMUN Inject, was introduced in the 1970s and has been continually improved since then to enhance bot...

The morbidity of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) varies yearly by as much as 10-fold among the people of Western Siberia. This long-term variation is dependent on many factors such as the density of the tick populations, the prevalence of TBE virus (TBEV) among sub-adult ticks, the yearly virulence of the TBEV, and prophylactic measures. Here we highlight the role of small mammal hosts in the cir...

The serological diagnosis of infection by flaviviruses is complicated by the presence of flavivirus cross-reactive antibodies that produce false-positive results for flavivirus infections, especially in regions where more than one virus is endemic. Current diagnostic reagents for tick-borne flavivirus infection have been found to cross-react with yellow fever- or dengue virus-positive sera. Thi...

BACKGROUND Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) infections may be asymptomatic or cause severe symptoms in the central nervous system. A mutation in the chemokine receptor 5 gene has been associated with increased risk of TBE but explains only a limited number of cases. Investigations of further risk factors are needed. METHOD To investigate the importance of the innate immune response, we an...

Threa new foci" of TBE virus were found in Lower Austria. In studies eiraed at interrupting the virus cycle in nature Gardens^ was very effective against ticks. Effect of the snail maromal control program in Carinthia ia not yet clear. Attachment of TBE virus to its ruceptor (TPI) is a twostep reaction consisting first of a loose electrostatic and later a stronger binding. TPI inhibits the infe...

Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a vaccine-preventable disease caused by a flavivirus (TBE virus) that is endemic in many European countries and large parts of Central and Eastern Asia. In Europe, highly purified formalin-inactivated whole virus vaccines are in widespread use, but the vaccination coverage differs significantly between countries with TBE endemicity. Austria presents an exception...

Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a severe disease that has been endemic in north-east Italy since 1992. Over the past two decades, there has been an increase in the number of human cases reported in many European countries, including Italy. To assess the current TBE infection risk, questing ticks were collected from known TBE foci, as well as from a site in northern Italy where no human infecti...

Tbe cardiac conditions most commonly associated with cerebral embolism are rheumatic heart disease (RHD), atherosclerotic heart disease (myocardlal infarction and atrial arrhythmias) and other kinds of nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (AF). Tbe natural history of cerebral embolism from these cardiac sources is reviewed. Virtually all rheumatic hearts producing emboll hare mitral stenosis, but no...