Episiotomy consists of incising the perineum to widen birth canal, and its practice was historically introduced in 18th century (1742) by Sir Fielding Ould 1 , an Irish obstetrician, help fetal head delivery difficult births. 2 In 1847, Dubois suggested performing oblique incision perineum, modernly known as mediolateral episiotomy (Figure 2). However, procedure did not gain popularity 19th due...

As climate models can be used to reproduce historical climates, the outcomes can be used to put climate extremes in to a proper historical perspective. This also allows investigation of nonlinear properties of hydrologic processes (e.g. precipitation, runoff) to better understand regional hydrologic dynamics. To this end, the present study uses results from a so-called ‘paleosimulation’ (i.e. s...

Intensive residential use of insecticides has resulted in their ubiquitous presence as contaminants in urban surface streams. For pest eradication, urban hard surfaces such as concrete are often directly treated with pesticides, and wind/water can also carry pesticides onto hard surfaces from surrounding areas. This study expanded on previous bench-scale studies by considering pesticide runoff ...

Surface-applied dairy manure can increase P concentrations in runoff, which may contribute to eutrophication of lakes and streams. The amount of dietary P fed to dairy cows (Bos taurus) and the timing of a rain event after manure application may further affect runoff P losses. The objective of this study was to examine dietary P supplementation effects on manure and runoff P concentrations from...

the most accurate method for calculating the aeroheating is numerical solution method. using finite volume method to solve the navier-stokes equations in time is very time consuming. so by using the finite difference algorithm, transfer equations to curvature coordinate by the mapping function, and combination of the viscous shock layer and similarity of boundary layer, the ctca code was develo...

one of the major sectors of water loss is the loss of rain runoff. kirkby (2001) the effect of soil surface characteristics in the production of runoff in time and space scales concluded that soil properties such as undulating, soil texture and structure on the amount and spatial pattern of runoff are effective. in this research that was conducted in the latian watershed, twenty experimental pl...

in this study, several data-driven techniques including system identification, adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (anfis), artificial neural network (ann) and wavelet-artificial neural network (wavelet-ann) models were applied to model rainfall-runoff (rr) relationship. for this purpose, the daily stream flow time series of hydrometric station of hajighoshan on gorgan river and the daily rai...