The phytotoxic mechanisms of patulin (PAT) and penicillic acid (PA) have not been identified unambiguously. This study aims to clarify their effects on thioredoxins (Trxs). Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), PAT PA were isolated by solvent extraction chromatographic techniques from the cultures Aspergillus flavus Z2 (LC171449), Penicillium vulpinum CM1 ochraceus EMCC516, respectively. three mycotoxins showed...

DsbA, a thioredoxin superfamily member, introduces disulfide bonds into newly translocated proteins. This process is thought to occur via formation of mixed disulfide complexes between DsbA and its substrates. However, these complexes are difficult to detect, probably because of their short-lived nature. Here we show that it is possible to detect such covalent intermediates in vivo by a mutatio...

Protocols have been achieved that permit facile introduction of s-tetrazine into unprotected peptides and the protein, thioredoxin, between two cysteine sulfhydryl groups (i.e., staple), followed by photochemical release (i.e., unstaple) and regeneration of the peptide/protein upon removal of the cyano groups from the derived bisthiocyanate. The S,S-tetrazine macrocycles in turn provide a conve...

* Correspondence: [email protected] Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, CSIC, Apartado de Correos, 73 Burjassot (Valencia), E-46100, Spain Full list of author information is available at the end of the article Figure 1 Improved performance of TTRX2 strain in biomass production process. (A) Biomass produced (continuous line) and oxygen saturation (...

Thioredoxins (Trx) are a class of small multifunctional redox-active proteins found in all organisms. Recently, we reported the cloning of a mitochondrial thioredoxin, Trx2, from rat heart. To investigate the biological role of Trx2 we have isolated the human homologue, hTrx2, and generated HEK-293 cells overexpressing Trx2 (HEK-Trx2). Here, we show that HEK-Trx2 cells are more resistant toward...

Thioredoxins are vital components of Plasmodium proteome and act as both reducing agents and protein disulfide reductases. The malaria parasite P. falciparum thioredoxin-2 (PfTrx-2) is part of the multi-protein complex embedded within the parasite parasitophorous vacuolar membrane (PVM) which purportedly directs protein secretion. We have characterized structural and enzymatic features of PfTrx...

There are three thioredoxin isoforms in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae: two cytosolic/nuclear thioredoxins, Trx1 and Trx2, and one mitochondrial thioredoxin, Trx3. In the present work, S. cerevisiae Trx3 overexpressed in Escherichia coli was purified and crystallized. The Trx3 crystals were obtained by the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion method. A data set diffracting to 2.0 A resolution was ...