Willingness to communicate (WTC) construct plays an important role in second language (L2) teaching and learning. Almost any second language learner is likely to respond to a direct question, but many will not continue or initiate communication. The present study investigates Pakistani undergraduate students' perception of their willingness to initiate communication in English across four types...

Night side images of Jupiter taken by the Cassini Imaging Science Subsystem (ISS) camera with the Hα filter reveal four lightning clusters; two of them are repeated observations of the same storm. All of these flashes are associated with storm clouds seen a few hours earlier on the day side of Jupiter. Some of the clouds associated with lightning do not extend to the upper troposphere. The repe...

This study examines the relationship between cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning and surface precipitation using observations from six regions (each on the order of 10 000 km2), April through October (1989–93), in the southcentral United States. The relationship is evaluated using two different methods. First, regression equations are fit to the data, initially for only the CG lightning flash densit...

Lightning detection in Poland is performed by means of a PERUN (Safir 3000) system operated by the Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Poland is also partly covered by a VLF/LF lightning detection system (CLDN, Central Lightning Detection Network). Both sources of lightning data have their limitations resulting from detection technique, limited number of sensors and geographical conf...

A framework for the statistical analysis of large radar and lightning datasets is described and implemented in order to analyze two research questions in atmospheric electricity: storms dominated by positive cloud-toground (1CG) lightning and estimating the probability of lightning in convection. The framework—a collection of computer programs running in series—is fully modular, allowing the an...

As a force of pure power and magnificence, nothing in nature surpasses lightning. As a force of importance to the workings and achievements of modern civilization, nothing outranks electricity. Both lightning and electricity, however, can be extremely dangerous and can cause devastating injuries. In recent years, there have been significant advances in the arenas of trauma and rehabilitation th...

[1] Prompt early/fast perturbations on narrowband sub-ionospherically propagating very low frequency (VLF) signals are the primary evidence for the direct coupling of energy released by lightning discharge to the lower ionosphere. Different mechanisms have been advanced to explain the fast ionospheric perturbations, such as heating and ionization from the lightning electromagnetic pulse (EMP) a...

This paper is concerned with lightning surge propagation on wind turbines. As wind power generation undergoes rapid growth, lightning incidents involving wind turbines have come to be regarded as a serious problem. Nevertheless, no known studies exist yet in Portugal regarding lightning protection of wind turbines. In this paper we present an overview of Electro-Magnetic Transients Program (EMT...

This paper is concerned with lightning surge propagation on wind turbines. As wind power generation undergoes rapid growth, lightning incidents involving wind turbines have come to be regarded as a serious problem. Nevertheless, no known studies exist yet in Portugal regarding lightning protection of wind turbines. Hence, we present a case study, based on a wind turbine with an interconnecting ...

A climatology of lightning ground flash density is examined for the Australian region based on 18 years of data. The dataset and methodology used are consistent with that of a previous study based on eight years of data. Lightning flash densities are obtained from two satellite instruments—the Lightning Imaging Sensor and the Optical Transient Detector. A climatological map of lightning ground ...