Background Increasingly, healthcare and non-healthcare employers prohibit or penalize the use of tobacco products among current and new employees in the United States. Despite this trend, and for a range of different reasons, around half of states currently legally protect employees from being denied positions, or having employment contracts terminated, due to tobacco use.   Methods We undertoo...

Although an abundance of evidence shows that territorial disputes fundamentally shape relations among states, we know surprisingly little about when territorial claims are made. We use new data on the spatial distribution of historical borders and territorial claims across four centuries of European history to demonstrate that the majority of territorial claims are drawn following historical bo...

There are problems about the limitations of medical skills, both generally and in the individual case. In sport every coach and athlete is almost uninterested in present knowledge and its limits. The coach only starts looking for new aids at the borders of the present knowledge. Therefore, the doctor is in the land of speculation, risk, research and new ground, new theory and new fact. In pract...