We exploit historical data on planned highways, railroads, and exploration routes as sources of exogenous variation in order to estimate the effect of interstate highways on regional innovation: a 10% increase in a region’s stock of highways causes a 1.7% increase in regional patenting over a five-year period. In terms of the mechanism, we report evidence that roads facilitate local knowledge f...

We present a simple simulation of road growing dynamics that can generate global features as belt-ways and star patterns observed in urban transportation infrastructure. The road growing dynamics consist of two steps: Identifying the maximum transportation potential bewteen two locations within the city, followed by the generation of the least expensive road between these two locations. The sim...

Experience shows that private or locally financed toll roads do not always reward their investors. This paper studies a case where investors in toll roads earned competitive returns on average but with wide variation in outcomes. The context is England and Wales during their early industrialization when private investors provided much of the capital to improve what were called turnpike trust ro...

Objectives: Most studies have performed to identify the affective variables in using mobile phone by drivers based on interview and questionnaire. In this study call answering rate while driving was investigated in a sample of male postgraduate students of a university in Tehran by a driving simulator. Methods: Six driving scenario designed differing in risk of driving. Answer rate to mobile...