Luxury is a complex industrial activity whose products combine strong vertical differentiation and a meaning value for the consumer. Luxury offers experiences, the economy of which is based on signalling. This gives rise to intense intangible investment internalized by trademark law and vertical restraints in distribution. However, the extent of the added value and the power of externalities as...

♣ Rings . A ring is a non-empty set R with two binary operations ( + , · ) , called addition and multiplication, respectively satisfying : Axiom 1. Closure ( + ) : ∀x, y ∈ R , x + y ∈ R . Axiom 2. Commutative ( + ) : For every x, y ∈ R , x + y = y + x . Axiom 3. Associative ( + ) : ∀x, y, z ∈ R , x + (y + z) = (x + y) + z . Axiom 4. Neutral ( + ) : ∃ θ ∈ R , such that ∀x ∈ R, x + θ = θ + x = x ...

Economists generally associate the redistribution of resources with the apparatus of taxes and transfer payments. Such redistributions are done by the power of the authorities. However, resources are redistributed by other means as well. People give away income in a variety of ways, deliberate and unintentional. In this paper, agents transfer consumption goods in return for a good which lacks m...

The following notion of forcing was introduced by Grigorieff [2]: Let I ⊂ ω be an ideal, then P is the set of all functions p : ω → 2 such that dom(p) ∈ I. The usual Cohen forcing corresponds to the case when I is the ideal of finite subsets of ω. In [2] Grigorieff proves that if I is the dual of a p-point ultrafilter, then ω1 is preserved in the generic extension. Later, when Shelah introduced...