This essay identifies the empirical facts about lobbying which are generally agreed upon in the literature. It then discusses challenges to empirical research in lobbying and provides examples of empirical methods that can be employed to overcome these challenges—with an emphasis on statistical measurement, identification, and casual inference. The essay then discusses the advantages, disadvant...

An X-ray diffraction line will broaden considerably when steels change into martensitic structure on quenching. The results presented in this paper show that X-ray diffraction technique can be employed for a rapid and nondestructive measurement of hardness of hardened steel. Measurement on various quenched and tempered steels showed that the breadth of its diffraction peak increased with increa...

Although American health policy debates address similar problems to other developed nations, it has factual and ideological specificities. I agree with Chinitz and Rodwin on the dominance of micro-economics thinking. However, I am not certain that learning from management theory or modifying medical education will be powerful enough to change the system. The vested interests of the stakeholders...

Interviewing stakeholders is a way to elicit information about requirements for a system-to-be. A difficulty when preparing such elicitation interviews is to select the topics to discuss, so as to avoid missing important information. Stakeholders may spontaneously share information on some topics, but remain silent on others, unless asked explicitly. We propose the Elicitation Topic Map (ETM) t...

Considering Rao et al. (2004) and Di Crescenzo and Longobardi (2009) studies, Misagh et al. (2011) proposed a weighted information which is based on the cumulative entropy called Weighted Cumulative Entropy (WCE). The above-mentioned model is a Shiftdependent Uncertainty Measure. In this paper, we examine some of the properties of WCE and obtain some bounds for that. In order to ...

will is the basis and foundation of contracts and possessions; almost without which no contract and possession can take the religious and legal affects. heart is the place of will, and because will has a high dignity, it cannot attributed to any matter unless it is declared and manifested. silence is one of the means of interpretation of the will. it, like utterance, scribe, deed and gesture, h...

considering the importance of adequate roughness coefficient estimation in river engineering studies, evaluation of image processing technique in estimating manning’s roughness coefficient in the surface layer of riverbeds carried out in this study. the mentioned approach evaluation conducted by implementing of sieving analysis and digital image processing methods simultaneously for a 7.5km rea...