The roll of melting heat transfer on magnetohydrodynamic natural convection in a square enclosure with heating of bottom wall is examined numerically in this article. The dimensionless governing partial differential equations are transformed into vorticity and stream function formulation and then solved using the finite difference method (FDM). The effects of thermal Rayleigh number (Ra</em...

Temperature variability was studied on tropical reefs off the coast of Saudi Arabia in the Red Sea using remote sensing from Aqua and Terra satellites. Cross-shore gradients in sea surface temperature (SST) were observed, including cold fronts (colder inshore) during winter and warm fronts (warmer inshore) during summer. Fronts persisted over synoptic and seasonal time-scales and had a periodic...

Modeling the realistic burning behavior of condensed-phase fuels has remained out of reach, in part because of an inability to resolve the complex interactions occurring at the interface between gas-phase flames and condensed-phase fuels. The current research provides a technique to explore the dynamic relationship between a combustible condensed fuel surface and gas-phase flames in laminar bou...

The microstructure of a dry alpine snowpack is a dynamic environment where microstructural evolution is driven by seasonal density profiles and weather conditions. Notably, temperature gradients on the order of 10–20 K m, or larger, are known to produce a faceted snow microstructure exhibiting little strength. However, while strong temperature gradients are widely accepted as the primary driver...

X-ray spectroscopic analysis has proved to be a useful technique to determine temperature and density of astrophysical as well as laboratory plasmas [1]. Routinely analysis is performed manually, that is, using an interactive graphical user interface to compare experimental and theoretical spectra calculated using a particular set of plasma model parameters. When a good fit to experimental data...

Contrary to our conclusions, Ravelo et al. argue that our TEX86-based sea surface temperature (SST) records do not conflict with the supposition of "permanent El Niño-like" conditions during the early Pliocene. We show that the way Ravelo et al. treat the existing temperature data perpetuates an inaccurate impression of cooler Pacific warm-pool SSTs and low equatorial temperature gradients in t...

One of the most common causes of IC failure is interconnect electromigration (EM), which exhibits a rate that is exponentially dependent on temperature. As a result, EM rate is one of the major determinants of the maximum tolerable operating temperature for an IC and of resulting cooling costs. Previous EM models have assumed a uniform, typically worst-case, temperature. This paper presents a m...

A novel technique for the measurement of Elastic Moduli of materials as well as measurement of temperature gradients using ultrasonic waveguides is described here. The range of temperature measurement was from room temperature to maximum utility temperature of waveguides or maximum measurable value of thermocouple temperature, typically beyond 1000°C. In this work, thermocouple wires have been ...

Broad theoretical arguments are proposed to show, formally, that the magnitude G of the temperature gradients in turbulent thermal convection at high Rayleigh numbers obeys the same advection-diffusion equation that governs the temperature fluctuation T , except that the velocity field in the new equation is substantially smoothed. This smoothed field leads to a -1 scaling of the spectrum of G ...