Purifying selection can substantially alter patterns of molecular evolution. Its main effect is to reduce overall levels of genetic variation, leading to a reduced effective population size. However, it also distorts genealogies relative to neutral expectations. A structured coalescent method has been used to describe this effect, and forms the basis for numerical methods and simulations. In th...

In this paper, we establish some generalizations of weighted trapezoid inequality for mappings of bounded variation, and give several applications for r − moment, the expectation of a continuous random variable and the Beta mapping.

4 Casper-Emil T. Pedersen*, Kirk E. Lohmueller, Niels Grarup, Peter Bjerregaard, 5 Torben Hansen, Hans R. Siegismund*, Ida Moltke*, and Anders Albrechtsen* 6 7 Department of Biology, Section for Computational and RNA Biology, University of 8 Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark 9 10 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los 11 Angeles, CA 90095, United Stat...

In this work it is shown that for every integral n varifold in an open subset U of Rn+m, n,m ∈ N, of locally bounded first variation there exists a countable collection C of n dimensional submanifolds of U of class C2 such that μ(U ∼ S C) = 0 and for each member M of C ~ Hμ(x) = ~ HM (x) for μ almost all x ∈M.

The Observer-Reporter-Interpreter-Manager-Educator (ORIME) is adapted from RIME, an intuitive, self-explanatory and "synthetic" framework that assesses formatively, a student's ability to synthesise knowledge, skills and attitude during a clinical encounter with a patient. The "O" refers to a student's ability to pay attention and perceive with open-mindedness, people and events around him or h...

To study the contribution of the Stimulus-Preceding Negativity (SPN) to the late wave of the Contingent Negative Variation (CNV), negativity was recorded preceding an instruction stimulus (S1), an instruction stimulus to which a motor response was required (S2) and a stimulus that transmitted Knowledge of Results (KR). All recorded negativities showed a centro-parietal maximum. The pre-instruct...

Responses of twins to an 11-item neuroticism scale extracted from questionnaires administered on two widely separated occasions were subjected to a genetic analysis. The results confirm earlier findings concerning the genetic determination of neuroticism and reveal that there is a genetic component in the inconsistency of the test measured by the interaction of subjects and test items. Variatio...

Learning has been postulated to 'drive' evolution, but its influence on adaptive evolution in heterogeneous environments has not been formally examined. We used a spatially explicit individual-based model to study the effect of learning on the expansion and adaptation of a species to a novel habitat. Fitness was mediated by a behavioural trait (resource preference), which in turn was determined...

We demonstrate how the need to cope with operational faults enables evolving circuits to find more fit solutions. The analysis of the results obtained in different experimental conditions indicates that, in absence of faults, evolution tends to select circuits that are small and have low phenotypic variability and evolvability. The need to face operation faults, instead, drives evolution toward...