During the U. S. Civil War (1861-65) surgeons performed a vast number of surgical procedures. The efficacy of surgery has been continually debated since the war began, in part because of lack of evidence for the (in)effectiveness of surgery. I analyze data gathered by Dr. Edmund Andrews, a surgeon with the 1st Illinois Light Artillery. The data can be arranged as observational data on surgery a...

................................................................................................................................................. 3 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................ 4 LITERATURE REVIEW ..................................................................................

This article summarizes an empirical investigation of the link between poverty and the incidence of civil war. The thesis examined is a simple one: at the individual level, low living standards tend to enhance militaristic nationalism and confidence in the armed forces and therefore, on average, more support for attempting military solutions to social conflicts. At the national level this means...

Persian Gulf War veterans have reported a variety of symptoms, many of which have not led to conventional diagnoses. We ascertained all active-duty U.S. military personnel deployed to the Persian Gulf War (552,111) and all Gulf War era military personnel not deployed (1,479,751) and compared their postwar hospitalization records (until 1 April 1996) for one or more of 77 diagnoses under the Int...

Prenatal exposure to the disruptions caused by the Korean War (1950-1953) negatively affected the individual socioeconomic and health outcomes at older ages. The educational attainment, labor market performance, and other socioeconomic outcomes of the subjects of the 1951 birth cohort, who were in utero during the worst time of the war, were significantly lower in 1990 and in 2000. The results ...

The practical utilization of recorded knowledge often requires its communication between persons who read and write different languages. In dealing with the translation problem which thereby arises, a variety of solutions are possible or conceivable. Perhaps the simplest solution, in theory at least, would be to adopt some one language as standard throughout the world for the purpose of communi...

...................................................................................................................... vi LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.............................................................................................. ix INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................... 1 A LOOK AT THE AIR EXPEDITIONAR...

I do not propose this evening to delve into the age-old argument concerning the discoverer of anesthesia. It is doubtful if any here assembled have, to any very great extent, witnessed surgery without anesthesia, yet only 100 years ago the screams of agony issuing from the operating room would have chilled the blood of the hardiest among us. The important point of this contribution is not which...

Two dramatic discrepancies between previous reliable experimental and ab initio DFT results are identified to occur at two different pressures in CeIn3, as discussed through the paper. We physically discuss sources of the phenomena and indicate how to select an appropriate functional for a given pressure. We show that these discrepancies are due to the inaccuracy of the DFT + U scheme with arbi...

To any triangulated category with tensor product (K,⊗), we associate a topological space Spc(K,⊗), by means of thick subcategories of K, à la Hopkins-Neeman-Thomason. Moreover, to each open subset U of this space Spc(K,⊗), we associate a triangulated category K(U), producing what could be thought of as a presheaf of triangulated categories. Applying this to the derived category (K,⊗) := (D(X),⊗...