This short chapter introduces the SURROGATE data type, which is useful when modeling time-varying objects. Surrogates are unique identifiers that can be compared for equality, but the values of which cannot be seen by the users. In this sense, a surrogate is “pure” identity and does not describe a property (i.e., it has no observable value). For this reason, a SURROGATE data type cannot be trea...

RATIONALE Previous research has demonstrated that nitrogen narcosis causes decrements in memory performance but the precise aspect of memory impaired is not clear in the literature. OBJECTIVE The present research investigated the effect of narcosis on free recall and recognition memory by appling signal detection theory (SDT) to the analysis of the recognition data. METHODS Using a repeated...

Before we apply nonlinear techniques, e.g. those inspired by chaos theory, to dynamical phenomena occurring in nature, it is necessary to first ask if the use of such advanced techniques is justified by the data. While many processes in nature seem very unlikely a priori to be linear, the possible nonlinear nature might not be evident in specific aspects of their dynamics. The method of surroga...

nonlinear knapsack problems (nkp) are the alternative formulation for the multiple-choice knapsack problems. a powerful approach for solving nkp is dynamic programming which may obtain the global op-timal solution even in the case of discrete solution space for these problems. despite the power of this solu-tion approach, it computationally performs very slowly when the solution space of the pr...

A special class of the knapsack problem is called the separable nonlinear knapsack problem. This problem has received considerable attention recently because of its numerous applications. Dynamic programming is one of the basic approaches for solving this problem. Unfortunately, the size of state-pace will dramatically increase and cause the dimensionality problem. In this paper, an efficient a...

Copper oxide (CuO) allows the generation of lossy mode resonance (LMR) in a wide wavelength range optical spectrum, both visible and near-infrared (NIR). For this, it is necessary to use configuration based on lateral incidence light edge planar waveguide structure. On other hand, additional coatings tin (SnO2) agarose an increase sensitivity sensor, response breathing monitoring. The sensors w...

Before we apply nonlinear techniques, for example those inspired by chaos theory, to dynamical phenomena occurring in nature, it is necessary to rst ask if the use of such advanced techniques is justiied by the data. While many processes in nature seem very unlikely a priori to be linear, the possible nonlinear nature might not be evident in speciic aspects of their dynamics. The method of surr...

A new method is introduced to create artificial time sequences that fulfil given constraints but are random otherwise. Constraints are usually derived from a measured signal for which surrogate data are to be generated. They are fulfilled by minimizing a suitable cost function using simulated annealing. A wide variety of structures can be imposed on the surrogate series, including multivariate,...

OBJECTIVES Current clinical hyperpolarized He lung ventilation MR imaging protocols rely on the patient's ability to control inhalation and exhalation and hold their breath on demand. This is impractical for intensive care unit patients under ventilation or for pediatric populations under the age of 3 to 4 years. To address this problem, we propose a free-breathing protocol for hyperpolarized H...

Imatinib mesylate (GleevecTM) is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, one of a new class of anticancer drugs called signal transduction inhibitors. A systematic review of case-series reports shows imatinib, when indirectly compared to conventional therapy, improves overall 12-month survival, but not surrogate outcomes, in individuals with Philadelphia chromosome-positive chronic myeloid leukemia (Ph+ C...