pavement materials have great impact on heat island control under the urban canyon layer. understanding the properties of pavement materials can help to reduce the heat island effect. introducing the main properties of pavement surfaces affecting sol-air temperature and mean radiant temperature - such as albedo, permeability, conductivity, thickness, emissivity, irradiation and convective air f...

Two-sided incompressible surfaces in Seifert fiber spaces with isolated singular fibers are well-understood. Frohman [3] and Rannard [6] have shown that one-sided which either pseudo-horizontal or psuedo-vertical. We extend their result to characterise essential may surfaces, i.e., S1-foliated 3-manifolds fibered model neighbourhoods isomorphic a solid torus Klein bottle.