United States agencies involved with national security are concerned about the vulnerability of the North American electric power grid to electronic intrusions, commonly known as cyber attacks. Several studies have identified changing socio-economic conditions that increase the probability of an electronic, computer-based attack being launched against a utility or substation, causing regional a...

In this paper, we present a model developed for Electric Power Management Systems (EPMS) and Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems that allows us to calculate device vulnerability and help power substation operators and administrators identify and harden those portions of the control system that are most vulnerable to cyber attack. We use graph theory to model electric power ...

ABSTACT This paper presents a new method for solving Substation Expansion Planning (SEP) problem using three basic algorithms in fuzzy clustering. Clustering algorithms are mainly associated with distance functions and measure dissimilarities of data set in different clusters. It is equivalent to measure similarities of data in a cluster. That is, a lot of varieties exist to find and create suc...

This study aims to investigate the impact of lightning masts placement on underground cables within high voltage substations. While subject discharges near has been covered with open cable runs and wind farms in many papers, this focuses events substations considering associated effective zones, which were not available literature. Substations built areas prone activity experience frequent that...

design and expansion of distribution systems seems inevitable in view of the need to satisfy the rise in energy consumption in a technical and economical way. optimal location, sizing and determining the service area of substations is one of the principle problems in expansion of distribution systems. also uncertainty is one of the important factors that increase risk of exact decision makings....

Modern society is unquestionably heavily reliant on supply of electricity. Hence, the power system is one of the important infrastructures for future growth. However, the power system of today was designed for a stable radial flow of electricity from large power plants to the customers and not for the type of changes it is presently being exposed to, like large scale integration of electric veh...

Automation is “the application of machines to tasks once performed by human beings, or increasingly, to tasks that would otherwise be impossible”, Encyclopaedia Britannica [1]. The term automation itself was coined in the 1940s at the Ford Motor Company. The idea of automating processes and systems started many years earlier than this as part of the agricultural and industrial revolutions of th...

The last few years have seen considerable investment in the security of industrial control systems. In the power sector, there has been a focus on operational measures directed by NERC, while technical solutions have been proposed through the IEC and the ISA. Many of these proposals use cryptography to secure communications, so that some of the defensive effort can be moved from the perimeter t...

Substation optimization involves positioning a substation(s) at the most suitable point with minimum cost. In this study, multiple data were collected from Turkish Electric Distribution Incorporated Company (TEİAŞ) for substation in Eryaman region. The substations will be placed straight points. Using capacity of substations, power, voltage drops, and service interruptions calculated 10-year pl...

Abstract When lightning intrudes into the over-voltage in 500 kV substation, wave will be introduced substation along line, which seriously affect insulation level of equipment. In this paper, firstly, working principle, characteristics, and current simulation ZnO arrester are described. Then, electromagnetic transient program (EMTP-ATP) used a GIS carried out research to over-voltage, specific...