In German, wh-questions and verb-second wh-exclamatives are string-identical and can only be distinguished by intonation. This study presents data from a production experiment where speakers produced contextualized questions and exclamatives, showing that the two sentence types differ in many acoustic measures throughout the clause. The results also indicate that the realization of both sentenc...

Most accounts of knowledge wh seek to reduce it to knowledge that. That is, facts about answer knowledge are deemed sufficient to determine the truth value of knowledge wh statements. George (2011, 2013) argues against the possibility of such a reduction. On George’s proposal, standing in the knowledge wh relation to a question requires the agent to both know at least one answer and not believe...

This paper, through a close examination, builds missing links between three types of focus constructions in Japanese: Cleft, Sluicing, and socalled ‘No da’ in-situ focus construction. Adopting Rizzi’s (1997) articulated CP clause architecture, we demonstrate that these missing links are provided with a syntactic explanation. We also discuss a syntaxphonology interface phenomenon, namely, the in...

A complete complementary/prime/shifted prime (CPS) code family for the optical code-division multiple-access (OCDMA) system is proposed. Based on the ability of complete complementary (CC) code, the multiple-access interference (MAI) can be suppressed and eliminated via spectral amplitude coding (SAC) OCDMA system under asynchronous/synchronous transmission. By utilizing the shifted prime (SP) ...

Previous studies have shown that spatial attention can influence the magnitude of brain responses to nociceptive inputs. In their recent article (Franz M, Nickel MM, Ritter A, Miltner WH, Weiss T. J Neurophysiol 113: 2760-2768, 2015), Franz and colleagues expand this observation by showing that spatial attention is further able to modify the chronometry of nociceptive processing by modulating t...

Judgments of linguistic unacceptability may theoretically arise from either grammatical deviance or significant processing difficulty. Acceptability data are thus naturally ambiguous in theories that explicitly distinguish formal and functional constraints. Here, we consider this source ambiguity problem in the context of Superiority effects: the dispreference for ordering a wh-phrase in front ...

A new monoclonal antibody (termed WH-1; isotype IgG2b) was established using a homogenate of dissected guinea pig cochleas (N = 60) as immunogen. Western blotting and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) identified the WH-1 antigen as a protein or glycoprotein with M(r) approximately 40 kDa. Immunoperoxidase treatment of histologic cryosections of guinea pig coch...

The paper discusses the so-called adverbial use of the wh-pronoun was (‘what’), which establishes a non-standard interrogative construction type in German. It argues that the adverbial use of was (‘what’) is based on the lexical properties of a categorically deficient pronoun was (‘what’), which bears a causal meaning. In addition, adverbial was (‘what’) differs from canonical argument was (‘wh...

In gapping, topical indefinites as well as wh-phrases can contrast with surface-identical antecedents if the contrast involved is the first of the two (or more) contrast pairs in the gapping coordination. This is not possible for most other types of expressions. We argue that both topical indefinites and wh-phrases introduce a discourse referent with a fixed address, on the basis of which refer...