In commercial poultry husbandry, alternatives for the use of antibiotics and vaccines are under investigation, which preferably have to be applicable for both layer- and broiler-type chickens. There are indications that the defense mechanisms vary between layer- and broiler-type chickens. Therefore, the difference in immune response between layer- and broiler-type chickens of the same age was i...

We previously showed that acapsular transposon Tn916 mutants of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae are avirulent for mice. In this study, we constructed nonreverting acapsular mutants and examined the vaccine potential of the mutants in mice. A representative acapsular transposon mutant, 33H6, was plated on selective agar containing autoclaved chlortetracycline and quinaldic acid, and two tetracyclin...

Tγδ and B1 lymphocytes are essential components of the mucosal immune system, activated directly by different bacterial and viral ligands without additional costimulatory signals and preprocessing of other immune effectors. This ability enables the immune system to provide rapid protection against pathogens and contributes to the decoding mechanism of the sensitizing activity of mucosal antigen...

an 11 year – old mixed female labrador was presented with two masses in trunk and neck. the tumoral masses were excised and sent for histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses. histopathological examination of masses revealed diffuse infiltration of small sized lymphoid cells in subcutaneous tissue which were intense around the blood vessels. more than 10% lymphoid cells were cd3 positi...

bronchiolo-alveolar carcinoma with subcutaneous chest wall metastasis is a very rare presentation. a case of 36- year-old male with metastatic subcutaneous chest nodule of bronchiolo-alveolar carcinoma, diagnosed by fine needle aspiration cytology, is reported here. cutaneous metastases are of diagnostic importance because they may be the first manifestation of an undiscovered internal malignan...

a dog was presented with history of progressive generalized subcutaneous emphysema and exercise intolerance secondary to dog fight. radiographic evaluation confirmed extensive subcutaneous emphysema, pneumomediastinum and pneumoretroperitoneum. surgical exploration revealed cricoid cartilage longitudinal fracture and cricotracheal detachment. the fractured cartilage was sutured and the cricoid ...

background digital nerve block is commonly performed by care providers in medical fields. this study compares the blocks in terms of effectiveness of anesthesia and pain. methods patients were divided into two groups. first group underwent digital block whereas 2nd group had transmetacarpal digital block. the subcutaneous ring block was performed by two injections of 3 ml of 2% lignocaine in a ...