A 32-year-old woman developed a headache, seizures, and stupor on postpartum day 8. An initial diagnosis of possible encephalitis was made considering the presence of fever, neck stiffness, and abnormal CSF findings. MRI demonstrated hyperintense signals consistent with bilateral borderzone areas. MRA showed severe proximal narrowing of anterior, middle, and posterior cerebral arteries bilatera...

We report a case of hypertensive brainstem encephalopathy (HBE) with unusual magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings. A 67-year-old woman presented with high blood pressure and stupor as the only symptoms. MRI revealed lesions localized in the area from the upper medulla oblongata to the lower pons with high fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) and T2-weighted signal intensity, but the...

The Fate of Hypertensive Patients with Clinically Proven Spontaneous Intracerebral Hematomas Treated Without Intracranial Surgery • Twenty-five hypertensive patients who had clinically proven intracerebral hematomas, mainly in the internal capsule, were not treated surgically because of stabilization or improvement of their condition or because of extreme brain damage. All of these patients wer...

A 55-year-old male presented with fever, stupor, aphasia, and left hemiparesis. A history of head trauma 3 months before was also reported. Cranial magnetic resonance imaging revealed slight contrast enhancement of lesions under the right frontal skull plate and right frontal lobe. Because of deterioration in nutritional status and intracranial hypertension, the patient was prepared for burr ho...

A 62-year-old man had a new onset of severe, orthostatic headache which eventually progressed to a stupor and a coma 3 weeks later. A computed tomography (CT) scan showed bilateral chronic subdural haematoma and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain showed the typical findings of spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH). After pre-medication with acetazolamide, he was treated with thr...

CLINICAL FEATURES The presentation of CVT can be acute, subacute or chronic. The presenting symptoms are grouped into four major syndromes (Bousser et al. 1997): • isolated intracranial hypertension – headache, visual obscurations, vomiting, papilloedema ± sixth nerve palsy (Biousse et al. 1999); • focal syndrome – focal or generalized seizure and/or a focal defi cit such as monoor hemi-paresis...

Catatonic schizophrenia is characterized with at least two of the following: catalepsy or stupor, excessive motor activity; extreme negativism or mutism; peculiarities of voluntary movement as evidenced by posturing, stereotyped movements, prominent mannerisms, or prominent grimacing; echolalia or echopraxia (American Psychiatric Association 1994). Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is widely used...

THIAMIN (vitamin B1) is a water-soluble vitamin involved in glucose metabolism. Its deficiency affects the cardiovascular (wet beriberi) and nervous (dry beriberi) systems, and in industrialized countries, it is commonly linked to chronic alcoholism. Wernicke encephalopathy (WE), a metabolic encephalopathy due to thiamine depletion, is clinically characterized by at least two among four feature...

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder that is characterized by hyperglycemia associat‐ ed with impairment in insulin secretion and/or insulin action as well as aberrations in intermediary metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids. Several reports indicate that annual incidence rate of diabetes mellitus will increase in the future worldwide, especial‐ ly in the developing countries [1...

A commercial bullfrog (Rana castesbeiana) operation in south Georgia had multiple epizootics of systemic bacterial infections over a 3-year period, 1998-2000. A number of potential pathogens (Aeromonas hydrophila, Chryseobacterium (Flavobacterium) meningosepticum, Chryseobacterium (Flavobacterium) indolgenes, Edwardsiella tarda, Citrobacterfreundii, Pseudomonas spp., and (Streptococcus iniae) w...