Article history: Received 18 March 2016 Received in revised form 11 May 2016 Accepted 11 May 2016 Available online 13 May 2016 Spasticity, muscle stiffness and contracture cause severe disability after central nervous system injury. However, current treatment options for spasticity produce muscle weakness which can impede movement, and do not directly address muscle stiffness. Here we propose t...

The aim of this article was to present a review of the research literature on the outcome of botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) injection for management of upper limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy (CP). We searched the electronic databases of MEDLINE, CINAHL and PUBMED for all published studies with full-length English text available. For each study, the quality of the methods and the ...

Background and Purpose. Spasticity is a positive sign of upper motor neuron syndrome that usually develops weeks after a stroke. The mechanisms that lead to its appearance are not completely understood, namely, the cortical regions whose lesion may induce spasticity. Summary of Cases. We report two patients with an ischaemic stroke entailing the anterior cingulate gyrus (pericallosal artery ter...

Background: There is increasing evidence of neural plastic changes associated with specific training that is goal-directed and requires special attention with practice. Sensory input by Transcutaneous electrical stimulation (TENS) on acupoints and task related training (TRT) induces recovery of lower limb function in patients after stroke. There are very few studies which show the effectiveness...

introduction : stroke is one of the most common life-threatening neurologic disorders and is among the most important causes of disability in adult life.unilateral upper limb motor impairment is one of the main causes of dependence in activity of daily living. action research arm test &upper; limb related fugel meyer test evaluates upper limb motor performance of a hemiplegic patient. the aim o...

BACKGROUND Upper limb hemiplegia after stroke is common and disabling. Hand splints are widely used to prevent contracture and reduce spasticity. OBJECTIVE To assess the effectiveness of hand splinting on the hemiplegic upper extremity following stroke. SEARCH STRATEGY A search was conducted of the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials; the electronic databases MEDLINE, EMBASE, CIN...

Loss of arm and hand function is common after stroke. An implantable, 12-channel, electromyogram (EMG)-controlled functional electrical stimulation neuroprosthesis (NP) may be a viable assistive device for upper-limb hemiplegia. In this study, a research participant 4.8 yr poststroke underwent presurgical screening, surgical installation of the NP, training, and assessment of upper-limb impairm...