BACKGROUND Several studies have shown that fractional flow reserve (FFR) measurement can aid in the assessment of left main coronary stenosis. However, the impact of downstream epicardial stenosis on left main FFR assessment with the pressure wire in the nonstenosed downstream vessel remains unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS Variable stenoses were created in the left main coronary arteries and dow...

A transoral noninvasive procedure in the oropharynx using local anesthesia was applied to detect flow in the vertebral arteries with a bidirectional continuous-wave Doppler ultrasound system. Common carotid artery compression was used to identify the vertebral artery. Flow direction, amplitude of flow signals, diastolic flow, and reaction of flow on common carotid artery compression served as d...

Instent restenosis (ISR) has been a key factor that restricts the further use of intraoronary stents. And the mechanical interaction between the stent and the artery has been indicated as one of the significant causes for the activation of stent-related restenosis. However, there is very little quantitative information about the interaction of stent with artery. In order to improve the general ...

The first successful reconstruction of a stenotic internal carotid artery was performed in 1951 by Carrera et al.1 The first successful carotid reconstruction was performed by Carrera et al. in 1951 in a male patient suffering from stroke2. During this procedure, they cut out the stenosed area of the proximal internal carotid artery and made an end-to-end anastomosis using the transected proxim...

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a narrowing of the peripheral arteries that might result in blockage if not immediately treated. Normally, an invasive technique called stenting used at stenosed region to restore normal blood flow. Thus, it promotes formation thrombosis on stented artery due presenting flow recirculation. However, rate growth was reported be different for both genders. This...