Interactions between clouds, water vapor, radiation, and circulation influence tropical cyclone (TC) development. Many of these interactions can be quantified by understanding tendencies the spatial variance moist static energy (MSE). Dropsondes from aircraft reconnaissance sample profiles needed to compute MSE at fine vertical resolution, may useful in analyzing feedbacks on TCs situ. However,...

Leaf Optical Properties (LOPs) convey information relating to temporally dynamic photosynthetic activity and biochemistry. LOPs are also sensitive to variability in anatomically related traits such as Specific Leaf Area (SLA), via the interplay of intra-leaf light scattering and absorption processes. Therefore, variability in such traits, which may demonstrate little plasticity over time, poten...

Recent concern about the risk to biota from acidification in upland areas, due to air pollution and land-use change (such as the planting of coniferous forests), has generated a need to model catchment hydro-chemistry to assess environmental risk and define protection strategies. Previous approaches have tended to concentrate on quantifying either spatial variability at a regional scale or temp...

Representing subgrid-scale variability is a continuing challenge for modelers, but is crucial for accurately calculating the exchanges of energy, moisture, and momentum between the land surface and atmospheric boundary layer. Soil wetness is highly spatially variable and difficult to resolve at grid length scales (~100 km) used in General Circulation Models (GCMs). Currently, GCMs use an area a...

Spatial and temporal sampling errors inherent in large-scale, weather-station (raingauge) climatologies of precipitation are evaluated. A primary goal is to assess whether more representative large-scale precipitation climatologies emerge when (i) more station means are included, even when they are based on unequal periods of record, or (ii) fewer station means are included but all are derived ...

This study compares high-resolution helicopter-borne radar measurements to extensive groundbased profiling of the snow cover on Findeland Adler Glacier, Switzerland. The results demonstrate that derived accumulation values of either method are well in accordance. The spatial distribution of radar based snow depth allows a clear distinction of three zones of different accumulation characteristic...

Global NDVI data are routinely derived from the AVHRR, SPOT-VGT, and MODIS/Terra earth observation records for a range of applications from terrestrial vegetation monitoring to climate change modeling. This has led to a substantial interest in the harmonization of multisensor records. Most evaluations of the internal consistency and continuity of global multisensor NDVI products have focused on...

Lake water clarity is an indicator of quality, trophic status, and habitat condition. Changes in impact lake ecosystems may reflect land use changes or presence invasive species. Quantifying temporal can be challenging because varies seasonally, annually, spatially within among lakes. We developed a hierarchical generalized additive model to quantify trends (Secchi depth) from 1979 2018 for 909...

For effective water quality management and policy development, spatial variability in the mean concentrations dynamics of riverine needs to be understood. Using chemistry (calcium, electrical conductivity, nitrate-nitrite, soluble reactive phosphorus, total nitrogen, phosphorus suspended solids) data for up 578 locations across Australian continent, we assessed impact climate zones (arid, Medit...

In the Climate Change literature, the range is predominantly used as a measure of variability, and the presence of trend is typically done on seasonal and/or annual basis. In this study, we used daily average temperature values at 15 spatially distributed sites across Canada to test the presence of trend in variability (using both range and standard deviation) using the bootstrap method by Wood...