Abstract– The design and fabrication of integrated microlenses for CMOS single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) is presented in this paper. The micro-lens exploits the avalanche propagation phenomenon occurring in abrupt single-sided junctions and is achieved by carful design of the SPAD in a standard CMOS process. In contrast to an optical micro-lens, the proposed technique is more robust to m...

We developed a fully digital implementation of the Silicon Photomultiplier. The sensor is based on a single photon avalanche photodiode (SPAD) integrated in a standard CMOS process. Photons are detected directly by sensing the voltage at the SPAD anode using a dedicated cell electronics block next to each diode. This block also contains active quenching and recharge circuits as well as a one bi...

The kaolin-based particle film Surround has been shown to suppress various insect pests and foliar diseases while reducing canopy temperature and improving water use efficiency in certain agricultural production systems. The usefulness of Surround was examined against important production constraints in peanut, including tomato spotted wilt, leaf spots, and aflatoxin contamination. Field experi...

a pot experiment was carried out to determine the effect of foliage spraying of silicon (si) on growth and ornamental characteristics of calendula grown under salt stress and greenhouse conditions. a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design was conducted with 3 levels of si (0, 50 and 100 mg/l) and 3 levels of nacl (0, 100 and 200 mm) with 4 replications. at flowering stage, s...

In the past decades different methods based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) have been developed to image a variety of hemodynamic parameters in tissue. However, simultaneous high resolution imaging of oxyand deoxyhemoglobin is not yet possible in clinical practices with millimeter accuracy. Nearinfrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) is a well established techniq...

CMOS Single Photon Avalanche Diode (SPAD) arrays are emerging as appealing solid-state detectors in imaging applications where high sensitivity and timing resolution are required. In this work, a 32x32-pixel array where SPAD digital output is processed in the analog domain in a 12-transistor pixel is presented. A 25m pixel pitch with a remarkable 20.8% fill factor was achieved thanks to a very...

Abstract The color and nutritional quality of vegetables directly affect the choices consumers thus commercial value vegetable products. Green light can penetrate outer leaves reach inner to promote photochemical reaction overlapping head vegetables. However, whether this promotion increase components change cabbages, which is one major largely produced worldwide, remains unclear. Therefore, we...

We present the challenges of using single-photon avalanche diodes in large arrays and the architectures employed in the readout systems. We also discuss the elements that make these imagers appealing for some applications and why.

Abiotic stress can alter key physiological constituents and functions in green plants. Improving the capacity to monitor this response in a non-destructive manner is of considerable interest, as it would offer a direct means of initiating timely corrective action. Given the vital role that plant pigments play in the photosynthetic process and general plant physiological condition, their accurat...