The present study probed 409 Iranian English as foreign language (EFL) learners' motivation and attitude toward English as an International Language (EIL) by investigating the causal relationships of their facets via Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). To do so, the Persian version of the ‘attitudes toward EIL’ scale was designed and validated. It measures five constructs of: cultural realism, ...

the revolution of 1919 and its positive and negative results reflex on the story’s form and subject. in this period, people were interested to draw events and reflect political and social events of society in their works. they want no more to see their desired world in phantom and dream, because their information to problems of society had increased and they had acquired sufficient statement ab...

This paper briefly reviews highlights from decades of debates in medicine, law, bioethics, psychology and social research about children’s and parents’ views and consent to medical treatment and research. There appears to have been a rise and later a fall in respect for children’s views, illustrated among many examples by a recent book on the zone of parental discretion, which is reviewed. A re...