Some fresh impact craters on Ganymede have the overall ejecta morphology similar to Martian double-layer ejecta (DLE), with the exception of the crater Nergal that is most like Martian single layer ejecta (SLE) craters (as is the terrestrial crater Lonar). Similar craters also have been identified on Europa, but no outer ejecta layer has been found on these craters. The morphometry of these cra...

Introduction: One of the most important discoveries of the NEAR Shoemaker mission to Eros was the “ponds”, flat regions (relative to surrounding terrain) inside craters that exhibit a slightly bluer reflectance spectra than most of the asteroid [1]. Ponds have been interpreted as being composed of finer-grained material than the rest of the asteroid surface. Formation processes for ponds includ...

A laboratory, fluidized-bed gasifier is being researched as a means to gasify feedstocks in a process to produce ethanol from biomass. Fluidization characteristics of the bed, especially minimum (Umf) and complete (Ucf) fluidization velocities, were measured because they are critical to the operation of the gasifier. Fluidization properties of sand and chopped switchgrasssand mixtures of differ...

Microscopic billow-like wavy folds have been observed along slip planes of the Nojima active fault, southwest Japan. The folds are similar in form to Kelvin–Helmholtz (KH) instabilities occurring in fluids, which implies that the slip zone underwent “lubrication” such as frictional melting or fluidization of fault gouge materials. If the temperature range for generation of the billow-like wavy ...

[1] Several lines of evidence, including remote triggering of earthquakes and modulation of seismic tremor by Earth tides, suggest that faults weakenwhen subject to shaking and dynamic stresses associatedwith the passage of seismic waves. However, the origin of such dynamic weakening is poorly understood. Here we explore the role of acoustic resonance for dynamic fault weakening using laborator...

A two-component Langmuir monolayer consisting of (perfluorobutyl)undecanol (F4H11OH) and dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), a major component of pulmonary surfactants in mammals, has been investigated at the air-water interface. The binary monolayer has been systematically examined from both thermodynamic and morphological perspectives. The excess Gibbs free energy of mixing has been calcul...