The investigation of cutcumber softening can be traced back to the turn of the centuiry when Aderhold (1899) described a sporeforming organism, which he called Bacterium coli, as the cauise of this spoilage. Kossowicz (1908), however, implicated the genus Bacillus and further work by Rahn (1913), LeFevre (1919), and Joslyn (1929) confirmed and extended this theory. Fabian and Johnson (1938) con...

The investigation of cutcumber softening can be traced back to the turn of the centuiry when Aderhold (1899) described a sporeforming organism, which he called Bacterium coli, as the cauise of this spoilage. Kossowicz (1908), however, implicated the genus Bacillus and further work by Rahn (1913), LeFevre (1919), and Joslyn (1929) confirmed and extended this theory. Fabian and Johnson (1938) con...

Hydrogen atoms have a wide variety of effects on the mechanical performance of metals, and the underlying mechanisms associated with effects on plastic flow and embrittlement remain to be discovered or validated. Here, the reduction in the plastic flow stress (softening) due to hydrogen atoms in solute-strengthened metals, previously proposed by Sofronis et al., is demonstrated at the atomistic...

One of the most striking manifestations of instability in solid mechanics is the localiza-tion of shear strain into narrow bands during high speed, plastic deformations of metals. According to one theory, the formation of shear bands is attributed to eeective strain-softening response, which results at high strain rates as the net outcome of the innuence of thermal softening on the, normally, s...

We investigated the actual factor determining the softening effect of a fabric softener. The adsorption area of the softener on model cotton cloths and yarns was identified using bromophenol blue. There was almost no softener at the cross-points of the yarns in the cloth samples or in the inner part of the yarns. The softening performance was better when there was less softener at the cross-poi...

The strong discontinuity approach to modelling strain localization, combined with an enhanced strain element, has been used for more than a decade to model strain localization in materials including geomaterials. Most implementations of enhanced strain elements in the post-localization regime use very simple constitutive formulations along the discontinuity, such as linear softening or a consta...

Apple fruit are well known for their storage life, although a wide range of flesh softening occurs among cultivars. Loss of firmness is genetically coordinated by the action of several cell wall enzymes, including polygalacturonase (PG) which depolymerizes cell wall pectin. By the analysis of 'Fuji' (Fj) and 'Mondial Gala' (MG), two apple cultivars characterized by a distinctive ripening behavi...

We propose a strategy for determining the optimal softening length in N -body simulations. This strategy ensures that the ensemble-average acceleration error is minimal at a small radius r0, and that the error never exceeds the optimal value beyond r0. Analytic formulae are derived for calculating the acceleration error for any halo profile or softened gravity so that the optimal softening leng...

In the history of alleged manipulations on forward markets, it has been observed that high prices resulted from a cartel’s long positions. The present paper addresses this issue in a simple model of price setting duopolists. We show that forward trading results in producers buying forward their own production, so that equilibrium prices are increased compared to the case without forward trading...

Energy Transfer About the time this issue of Los Alamos Science was going to press, we obtained new experimental results on atomic vibrations in uranium. These results help answer questions raised when Andrew Lawson and coworkers of Los Alamos rediscovered vibrational softening in the early 1990s. Although softening had been observed at least three times earlier, the most important questions ab...