payment of retirement pension is one of the most important responsibilities and services of the social security organization, which provides support and comfort to the elderly. this research aims to examine the factors that affect this important service with the hope of expanding it. this research was conducted between october 2012,and august  2013using descriptive and survey techniques and gat...

Health effects from environmental toxicants may be a more serious problem in developing countries compared with developed countries because the problem is potentiated by other factors: a) the lack of or failure to enforce regulations, which allows human exposures to genotoxic agents; b) undernourishment of the lower economic and social classes that comprise the most exposed populations from ind...

OBJECTIVE To explore factors influencing perceptions and viewpoints on the responsibility for the presence of toxic substances in food, on enforcement of laws and regulations that control human exposure to toxic substances in food, and on the effectiveness of such regulations. METHODS An online survey was completed by 740 individuals from several parts of Spain (median age, 47 years; 67% were...

Social norms have a pervasive effect on our lives, affecting how and what we eat, how we dress, where and how we travel, our recreation, the way we work, and our participation in the society at large. Other social norms make constraints on the behavior of commercial companies and other institutions, affecting the way they do business, their treatment of employees, their treatment of the environ...

‘Living’ Wage, Class Conflict and Ethnic Strife We examine how group-specific differences in reservation wage, arising due to asymmetries in social entitlements, impact on distribution via the joint determination of class conflict between workers and employers, and ‘ethnic’ conflict among workers. We model a twodimensional contest, where two unions, representing different sections of workers, j...

The challenges associated with climate change will require governments, citizens, and firms to work collaboratively to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, a task that requires information on companies’ carbon risks, opportunities, strategies, and emission levels. This paper explores the conditions under which firms participate in this endeavor. Building on theories of how social activists inspire ...