Article history: Using objective measures Received 4 January 2008 Received in revised form 3 December 2008 Accepted 8 December 2008 Available online 14 December 2008

The federal Certificate of Confidentiality plays an important role in research on sensitive topics by authorizing researchers to refuse to disclose identifiable research data in response to subpoenas in any legal setting. However, there is little known about how effective Certificates are in practice. This article draws on our legal and empirical research on this topic to fill this information ...

Current Brazilian policies on environmental protection have become a worldwide concern since President Bolsonaro’s election in 2018. Not only his speeches been aggressive and critical of protections, but many actual decisions shown very dangerous negligence populations interests affected by harms. As consequence, different crises plagued the country without any adequate response public agencies...

Abstract The existing literature suggests that external shocks, such as pandemics, stimulate people’s demand for social protections and prompt them to favor short-term consumption over long-term investments. However, this argument may not apply fully in a society with an urban–rural divide addition unequal welfare system. Through telephone survey conducted July 2020, study sought investigate pu...

Like Archimedes who demanded a place to stand so that he could move the Earth, scientific journals also need a firm point to stand on. We use this example because it stresses the importance of determining the journal’s specific research field by editorial policies. One of the basic strategies for medical journals is to define their scope, which helps them to target specific readership, attract ...