Introduction: Maternal smoking has been an important risk factor for low birth weight (LBW), preterm as well small gestational age. In this study, we try to analyze the association of maternal during different stages pregnancy with outcome weight. Methods: This is a cross-sectional hospital-based which was undertaken comprising 1240 singleton live born baby in Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital, N...

Background Many patients with mild–moderate COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), are asymptomatic. Since expressed symptoms are usually mild and mostly attributed to age, they are often underestimated [1,2]. Thus early COPD patients usually remain undiagnosed [3]. The aim of the study is to evaluate the rates of undiagnosed COPD cases in early stages of the disease (stage I and II acco...

Overnight sleep EEG recorded from 21 derivations was studied for 7 subjects (4 normal and 3 depressive). The multichannel autoregressive model was fitted to all 21 channels simultaneously. Ordinary, multiple and partial coherencies and directed transfer function were estimated for sleep stages and wakefulness. Ordinary coherencies give rather trivial information that coherence decreases with th...

BACKGROUND We investigate the potential usability of a novel in-the-ear electroencephalography recording device for sleep staging. METHODS In one healthy subject we compare simultaneous earelectroencephalography to standard scalp EEG visually and using power spectrograms. Hypnograms independently derived from the records are compared. RESULTS We find that alpha activity, K complexes, sleep ...

OBJECTIVE—Nocturnal hypoglycemia represents an important problem for diabetic patients, which has been primarily attributed to an attenuated hormonal counterregulation during sleep. So far, hypoglycemia counterregulation has been exclusively examined during early nocturnal sleep, although early sleep differs markedly in sleep stage architecture from late sleep. Here, we investigated whether awa...

'Complexity science' is a rapidly developing research direction with applications in a multitude of fields that study complex systems consisting of a number of nonlinear elements with interesting dynamics and mutual interactions. This Theme Issue 'The complexity of sleep' aims at fostering the application of complexity science to sleep research, because the brain in its different sleep stages a...

BACKGROUND Understanding the dynamics of smoking at the population level is essential for the planning and evaluation of prevention and control measures. We aimed to describe trends in the prevalence of smoking in Portuguese adults by sex, age-group and birth cohort. METHODS PubMed was searched from inception up to 2011. Linear regression was used to assess differences in prevalence estimates...