conclusions to promote the effect of printed images on cigarette packages, it is recommended to consider the suitability of labels in the targeted culture. in addition, to be more effective consultation sites to quit smoking should be introduced under the images. background health warning labels on cigarette packages are among the most straightforward and important tools to communicate with smo...

Background It is known that smoking reduces the effectiveness of aerobic exercises and can have negative effects throughout body. Purpose This study analyzed effect on thickness accessory muscles respiration, as well forced vital capacity (FVC) expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), during a 20-minute stair-climbing exercise for young male female adults with without smoking. Study design Pre-tes...

Smoking is one of the most common preventable causes mortality worldwide. It increases risk cardiovascular diseases by affecting lipid profiles and diabetes elevating blood glucose levels. To investigate injurious effect cigarette smoking, present study was done in tehsil Topi district Swabi. The aimed to find an association between smoking liver function, diseases, diabetes. About 100 healthy ...

Introduction: Smoking is the major risk factor for development of chronic lung disease and airway malignancy. The biomarkers onset early progression hindered by accessibility primary tissue in lungs, so there a need to evaluate alternative sites surrogate biomarkers. harmful effects seen lower distal airways are also mirrored nasal epithelium as one disease.
 Objective: To study correlatio...

background several empirical studies have shown the attitude of smokers to formulate judgments based on distortion in the risk perception. this alteration is produced by the activation of the optimistic bias characterized by a set of the unrealistic beliefs compared to the outcomes of their behavior. this bias exposes individuals to adopt lifestyles potentially dangerous for their health, under...

background and aims. change in the resting whole-mouth salivary flow rate (sfr) plays a significant role in pathogenesis of various oral conditions. factors such as smoking may affect sfr as well as the oral and dental health. the primary purpose of this study was to determine the effect of smoking on sfr, and oral and dental health. materials and methods. one-hundred smokers and 100 non-tobacc...