Oscillation marks accompanied by sub-surface hooks routinely appear on the surface of continuously cast steel slabs, and are especially severe in ultralow carbon steel. This paper presents a new detailed mechanism for their formation, which has been developed by combining existing theoretical modeling results, experimental observations, and analyses based on optical and scanning electron micros...

The mechanisms supporting hippocampal memory reactivation are puzzling. Reactivation occurs during ripple oscillations, yet ripples are not coordinated across regions. In this issue of Neuron, Carr et al. (2012) report that another oscillation, slow gamma, coordinates memory reactivation across the hippocampal network.

Most lesion studies emphasize the distinct contributions of the amygdala and perirhinal cortex to memory. Yet, the presence of strong reciprocal excitatory projections between these two structures suggests that they are functionally coupled. To gain some insight into this issue, the present study examined whether the close anatomical ties existing between perirhinal and lateral amygdala (LA) ne...

Transcranial oscillatory current stimulation has recently emerged as a noninvasive technique that can interact with ongoing endogenous rhythms of the human brain. Yet, there is still little knowledge on how time-varied exogenous currents acutely modulate cortical excitability. In ten healthy individuals we used on-line single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to search for systemati...

This exercise summarizes the basic brain processes in sleep and the use of the EEG (electroencephalogram; "brain waves") to measure sleep stages. It includes the following topics: ! sleep as an active process and brain areas that turn it on ! the EEG: how it is recorded and what it shows about brain activity ! the EEG for the two basic kinds of sleep, slow wave sleep (SWS) and rapid eye movemen...

26 Transcranial oscillatory current stimulation has recently emerged as a non-invasive 27 technique that can interact with ongoing endogenous rhythms of the human brain. 28 Yet, there is still little knowledge on how time-varied exogenous currents acutely 29 modulate cortical excitability. In ten healthy individuals we used online single-pulse 30 transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to searc...

Oscillations in neuronal networks are assumed to serve various physiological functions, from coordination of motor patterns to perceptual binding of sensory information. Here, we describe an ultra-slow oscillation (0.025 Hz) in the hippocampus. Extracellular and intracellular activity was recorded from the CA1 and subicular regions in rats of the Wistar and Sprague–Dawley strains, anesthetized ...

Epileptic discharges in focal epilepsy are frequently activated during non-rapid eye movement sleep. Sleep slow waves are present during this stage and have been shown to include a deactivated ('down', hyperpolarized) and an activated state ('up', depolarized). The 'up' state enhances physiological rhythms, and we hypothesize that sleep slow waves and particularly the 'up' state are the specifi...