STUDY OBJECTIVE To describe parent-reported and actigraphically assessed sleep patterns and sleep disorders in stimulant-medication-free children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), divided according to ADHD subtype. PARTICIPANTS Seventy-one stimulant-medication-free children with a clinical diagnosis of ADHD (8 girls; mean 8.8 years (SD 2.6), range 3-15 years) recruited fro...

CONTEXT Sleep-disordered breathing (characterized by recurrent arousals from sleep and intermittent hypoxemia) is common among older adults. Cross-sectional studies have linked sleep-disordered breathing to poor cognition; however, it remains unclear whether sleep-disordered breathing precedes cognitive impairment in older adults. OBJECTIVES To determine the prospective relationship between s...

KEY TERMS I. Functional Anatomy and Physiology of Sleep A. Neurocontrol of Sleep II. Upper Airway Anatomy and Sleep A. Oropharynx III. Stages of Sleep A. Nonrapid Eye Movement B. Rapid Eye Movement IV. Sleep Disorders A. Obstructive Sleep Apnea B. Central Sleep Apnea 1. Children with Central Sleep Apnea C. Mixed Sleep Apnea V. Cardiovascular Effects of Untreated Sleep-Disordered Breathing A. Ce...

Many studies have provided strong evidence of a fundamental and complex role for sleep disturbances in adult posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Investigations of adult PTSD using subjective and objective measures document sleep architecture abnormalities and high prevalence of sleep disordered breathing, periodic limb movement disorder, nightmares, and insomnia. PTSD treatment methods do app...

The prevalence of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is approximately 3% in children. Adenotonsillar hypertrophy is the most common cause of OSAS in children, and obesity, hypotonic neuromuscular diseases, and craniofacial anomalies are other major risk factors. Snoring is the most common presenting complaint in children with OSAS, but the clinical presentation varies according t...

The authors evaluated basic sleep architecture and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep alterations in drug-naïve attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) children without psychiatric or other comorbidities. This cross-sectional case-control study included 28 drug-naïve children with ADHD and 15 healthy controls. This subjective studies revealed that children with ADHD had a worse sleep q...

the aim of this study was to determine melatonin effects on sleep patterns, symptoms of hyperactivity and attention deficiency in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (adhd).children with age range of 7-12 years who had a combined form of adhd were randomly divided in to 2 groups according to gender blocks. one group took melatonin (3 or 6mg) combined with methylphenidate (rit...

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia and shares many of the same risk factors as another common clinical condition, sleep apnea. The estimated prevalence of sleep apnea has increased over the past decade, and reflects a parallel increase in the most prominent risk factors of obesity and overweight. Both obstructive and central sleep apnea have been associated with AF i...

Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome (OSAS) is a common sleep-related breathing disorder affecting 5% of the general population (Young et al., 2002). OSAS is characterized by periodic complete or partial cessation of breathing while sleeping. These recurrent events of breathing result in fragmented sleep and recurrent hypoxemia (reductions in hemoglobin oxygen levels) (American Academy of Sleep Med...

Wakefulness, NREM sleep, and REM sleep are accompanied by specific changes in breathing control, which arise from the interaction of automatic (metabolic, involuntary) and behavioural (voluntary and involuntary control systems. Considering the complexity in the neuroanatomy and neurophysiology of breathing control, it is not surprising that neurologic disorders are frequently accompanied by sle...