1 of 3 DESCRIPTION A 70-year-old man with mediastinal lymphadenopathy was referred to our centre for endobronchial ultrasound with transbronchial needle aspiration. During the bronchoscopic examination, two separate anatomical bronchial variances were observed: a supernumerary ‘true’ tracheal bronchus branching off from the distal right lateral wall of the trachea ( fi gure 1A ) and a displaced...

The concept of placing enormous Solar Power Satellite (SPS) systems in space represents one of a handful of new technological options that might provide large scale, environmentally clean base load power to terrestrial markets. Recent advances in space exploration have shown a great need for antennas with high resolution, high gain and low side lobe level (SLL). The last characteristic is of pa...

A Nyquist filter can have any odd symmetric taper as a transition between its pass band and stop band. The most well known taper is the raised cosine (RC) taper specified in most communication standards. The square root (SRRC) Nyquist filter formed from this prototype exhibits high spectral side lobe levels that fail to meet severe spectral mask requirements. This paper presents a SR Nyquist fi...

Circular antenna array design is one of the most important electromagnetic optimization problems of current interest. The antenna must generate a pencil beam pattern in the vertical plane along with minimized side lobe level. In this paper we present non conventional method based on improved parameter of hyper beam exponent x. The circular array when implemented using hyper beam technique, ther...

Side lobe and directivity of antenna array is main problem in radar and communication field. This paper describes linear antenna array radiation pattern in adaptive beam forming using genetic algorithm. Unlike Simple GA (SGA), Genetic Algorithm is an iterative stochastic optimizer that works on the population values based on the fitness value. This improves the performance of the maximum reduct...

The basic property of an antenna is to transmit and receive energy signal in one/all direction. This fundamental property is directivity. This paper employs big bang crunch algorithm optimization method for the synthesis of broadside linear antenna array. In this paper optimum value of current of each antenna element is determined which produces radiation pattern with minimum side lobe level. O...

We propose a new approach to control the amplitude and phase distributions of electromagnetic fields over the aperture of a horn antenna. By loading a metamaterial lens inside the horn antenna, a tapered amplitude distribution of the aperture field is achieved, which can suppress the side-lobe radiations of the antenna. The metamaterial is further manipulated to achieve a flat phase distributio...

Short-range car radar systems can provide safety and comfort features such as parking aid, pre-crash warning, change lane assistant, etc. These radar systems create a safety belt around the car using transmission of ultra wideband (UWB) 24 GHz signals. Regulations limit the level of radiation at certain elevation angles to avoid interference or disturbance in the 24 GHz band. The specific goal ...

A discrete-time analog echo canceller is described that reduces the echo in the front end of Gigabit Ethernet twisted-pair interfaces. Echo cancellation in the analog domain by means of four taps reduces the complexity of the digital echo canceller and crosstalk cancellers. Designed in a 0.4m CMOS technology, the circuit employs an LMS algorithm to adapt to the cable length and impedance discon...

-This paper presents the Cancellation of an acoustic echo. Such echo canceller is essential to control the echoes generated by the acoustic coupling between the microphone and loudspeaker in hands free telephones or teleconferencing applications. Conventional acoustic echo canceller encounters problems like slow convergence rate (especially for speech signal) and high computational complexity a...