yuri lotmn (1993-1922) is the founder of the moscow-tartu school. he has a distinguished role in introducing and developing the “theory of intercultural semiotics”. in lotman’s opinion, cultural semiotics considers each text as a cultural totality. the existing signs in the text could indicate the way in which the significances are produced to achieve a certain specific meanings in a culture. h...

A considerable body of evidence shows that performance-related pay schemes can raise worker productivity with much this increase due to sorting. However, variations in the power contracts are rarely observed. The thoroughbred horse racing industry offers such an opportunity. Contrary earlier research, we find no shirking when incentive is reduced through jockeys switching from complete into a s...

in many real systems in which a state variable should be controlled for being in appropriate range, the length of control (review) intervals is taken to be constant. in such systems, when the cost of reviews and out-of-range values of the state variable are considerable, this method may not be optimal. in this paper we let the length of review intervals to be variable during each operating cycl...

Deep decarbonization of energy systems poses considerable challenges to electricity markets and there is a growing consensus that an energy-only design based on short-term marginal cost pricing cannot deliver adequate levels investment long-term coordination across actors sectors. Based the instructive example evolution European market designs, we discuss several shortcomings illustrate how ad-...

Despite positive aspects of energy consumption, their negative externalities i.e., environmental pollutions, are considerable. Green taxes, paid for products and services that are not environmentally friendly, are recommended as an efficient way of improving health indices. Since, Iran is among the countries with high per capita consumption of energy, pollution can be a kind of threat. In this ...

extended abstract introduction participation, as the key element in achieving development goals especially civic development, has considerable importance. when people have much more participation in affairs, it is more possible to be successful. in these societies, low and deprivated class of society will benefit from participation results and its advantages. from the other hand, these days, p...

abstract: background: today one of the main problems low or middle income families face is financing healthcare costs. this article studies the methods of of financing health care costs among hospitalized diabetic patients in different types of insurances. materials & methods: this is a causal-comparative study. the variables consist of comparative (health care costs) and categorical(different ...