Low-frequency modulation and change under global warming of the Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) mode are investigated with a pair of multicentury integrations of a coupled ocean–atmosphere general circulation model: one under constant climate forcing and one forced by increasing greenhouse gas concentrations. In the unforced simulation, there is significant decadal and multidecadal modulation of the ...

Abstract In this article, we provide formulations of energy flux and radiation stress consistent with the scaling regime Korteweg–de Vries (KdV) equation. These quantities can be used to describe shoaling cnoidal waves approaching a gently sloping beach. The transformation these along slope described using equations, set three nonlinear equations in unknowns: wave height H , set-down $${\bar{\e...

in this paper, a two-dimensional reynolds averaged navier-stokes (rans) model is developed to simulate the shoaling, breaking and overtopping of a solitary wave over a vertical breakwater. turbulence intensity is described by using a k turbulence closure model and the free surface configuration is tracked by volume of fluid (vof) technique. to validate the numerical model the simulation result...