HI observations have revealed in several shell galaxies the presence of gaseous shells slightly displaced from the stellar shells radially, in the outward direction. We propose a mechanism to form this gaseous shells, based on the well-known phase-wrapping process of the companion matter in a merger, with nearly radial orbits. The mechanism relies on the existence of a clumpy interstellar matte...

Buckling strength of composite latticed cylindrical shells is one of the important parameters for studying the failure of these structures. In this paper, new governing differential equations are derived for latticed cylindrical shells and their critical buckling axial loads. The nested structure under compressive axial buckling load was analyzed. Finite Element Method (FEM) was applied to mode...

Both the need for shelter and the need for food can be motivations that alter animal behaviour. We tested the hypothesis that the hermit crab, Pagurus samuelis, deprived of food, shells, or both will respond differently from control hermit crabs when presented with food and shells concurrently. We measured the number of contacts made with both food and shells, and time elapsed until hermit crab...