The current theories of graph comprehension have posited the graph schema as providing us the necessary knowledge to interpret any graph type. Yet, little is known about the nature of the graph schema, and no empirical data exist showing that there actually is a graph schema. In experiment 1 we show evidence that a graph schema does exist, and that graph schemas are not specific to each and eve...

Ecological theory and nature conservation have traditionally relied solely on observed local diversity. In this review, we recommend including those species that are absent from an ecosystem but which belong to its species pool; that is, all species in the region that can potentially inhabit those particular ecological conditions. We call the set of absent species 'dark diversity'. Relating loc...

After DNA damage, cells modulate pre-messenger RNA (pre-mRNA) splicing to induce an anti- or proapoptotic response. In this issue, Muñoz et al. (2009) uncover a cotranscriptional mechanism for activating alternative pre-mRNA splicing after ultraviolet irradiation that depends unexpectedly on hyperphosphorylation of the RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain and decreased rates of transcription elo...

I read with interest Mr. Aicher’s editorial in the Aesthetic Surgery Journal, and wanted to echo and share some of my thoughts and concerns on this new government mandate. Approximately 2 years ago the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) was tasked by the federal government to oversee and report all payments made to health care providers, owing to concerns that payments from the phar...

An in-depth exploration of the headspace content of Aspergillus niger cultures was performed upon different growth conditions, using a methodology based on advanced multidimensional gas chromatography. This volatile fraction comprises 428 putatively identified compounds distributed over several chemical families, being the major ones hydrocarbons, alcohols, esters, ketones and aldehydes. These ...

Pituitary dwarfism, associated with growth hormone (GH) deficiency, is an autosomal, recessively inherited disorder in shepherd dogs. As outlined in reference [49], pituitary dwarfism is a serious illness and clinical signs are not limited to physical appearance. Instead, the dwarfs suffer from a whole range of clinical manifestations. Without proper treatment, the long-term prognosis is poor. ...

I this issue of PNAS, Nishimura et al. demonstrate that ASTRAY, the legume homolog of HY5, a transcription factor that mediates light signaling and photomorphogenesis above ground, also affects the interaction between legume roots and their rhizobial endosymbionts underground (1). At first glance, this is a confusing result. What is a transcription factor that mediates light signaling doing reg...

Excessive sun tanning can result in addictive behavior. In this issue of Cell, Fell et al. utilize a combination of behavioral pharmacology and transgenic mice to demonstrate that chronic UV light exposure recruits p53 signaling in keratinocytes, subsequently increasing β-endorphin signaling at opioid receptors, and produces an endogenous opioid-dependent state.

We introduce a weighted model of random trees and analyze the asymptotic properties of their heights. Our framework encompasses most trees of logarithmic height that were introduced in the context of the analysis of algorithms or combinatorics. This allows us to state a sort of“master theorem”for the height of random trees, that covers binary search trees (Devroye, 1986), random recursive trees...

VIDEO 1. (a) A droplet of an approximate diameter of 1 mm bounces on the surface of a vibrating oil bath. (b) For sufficiently large values of the vertical forcing, a droplet may spontaneously self-propel across the interface. Droplet pairs may interact through their wave fields, either (c) locking into orbits or (d) walking side by side in a promenade mode. (e) Multiple drops may organize into...