It is common to see some wild animals in the city, like squirrels and raccoons, but have you ever thought about sharks city? While will not a shark hanging out on streets of downtown, may one swimming along shorelines major seaside cities! Although living coastal cities can bring many benefits sharks, such as abundant food protection from large predators, be negatively affected by pollution fis...

There is an increasing interest in touristic observations of top predators the wild. Sharks are probably most sought-after animal marine ecosystems by divers. Regulations have been put place, and even if they more or less respected, providing food still used some places order to attract wild animals. Because difficulty sampling shark guts, few studies analyzed microbiota sharks, none evaluated ...

Laser photogrammetry was found to be a promising new cost-effective technique for measuring free-swimming whale sharks Rhincodon typus. Photogrammetric measurements were more precise than visual size estimates by experienced researchers, with results from the two methods differing by 9· 8 ± 1· 1% (mean ±s.e.). A new metric of total length and the length between the fifth gill and first dorsal f...

Sharks possess the four canonical T-cell receptor (TCR) chains known from other vertebrates: α, β, γ, and δ. The loci encoding these chains employ recombination-activating gene (RAG)mediated somatic cell V(D)J rearrangement mechanisms for diverse repertoires. Sharks have some additional immunogenetic TCR capacity, including the doubly rearranging NAR-TCR δ, somatic hypermutation, and trans-rear...

In contrast to all other sharks, lamnid sharks perform a specialized fast and continuous "thunniform" type of locomotion, more similar to that of tunas than to any other known shark or bony fish. Within sharks, it has evolved from a subcarangiform mode. Experimental data show that the two swimming modes in sharks differ remarkably in kinematic patterns as well as in muscle activation patterns, ...

This brief review examines the many human activities that threaten sharks, their impacts, and the implications for the ecosystems that rely upon these apex predators. As keystone species, sharks play a crucial role in maintaining healthy ecosystems by asserting top-down forces on trophic webs and keeping prey populations healthy and in balance. However, sharks’ slow growth rates, low fecundity ...

A simple metric (span condition analysis; SCA) is presented for quantifying the condition of sharks based on four measurements of body girth relative to body length. Data on 104 live sharks from four species that vary in body form, behaviour and habitat use (Carcharhinus leucas, Carcharhinus limbatus, Ginglymostoma cirratum and Galeocerdo cuvier) are given. Condition shows similar levels of var...