Serotype replacement in invasive pneumococcal disease has been observed after widespread use of the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7). Replacement is dominated by penicillin-nonsusceptible serotype 19A in several countries. Antibiotic selection pressure has been proposed to interact with immunization, leading to rapid replacement. In Norway, where prescription of antibiotics is lim...

Despite the concern of replacement disease, notably by serotype 19A after 7-valent conjugate vaccine (PCV7) use, serotype 19A was increasingly recognized in Korean children before the introduction of PCV7. To understand the dynamics of serogroup 19 prevalence from 1991-2006, we serotyped 538 pediatric pneumococcal isolates. Serogroup 19 isolates (n = 126) were characterized by antimicrobial dru...

Clinical use of the 7-valent pneumococcal protein conjugate (PCV7) vaccine, which includes serotypes 4, 6B, 9V, 14, 18C, 19F, and 23F, dramatically reduced invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD); however, the effectiveness was diminished due to serotype shift. Although shift due to known serotypes was anticipated, shift by misidentified serotypes was unexpected. We describe the experience with new...

background: and objectives: salmonella infections are endemic in many developing countries with poor sanitary conditions, but emerge sporadically as a serious public health threat in developed countries. infections with multidrug resistant (mdr) strains of salmonella have been associated with treatment failures. salmonella spp. resistant to extended spectrum cephalosporins are increasing in pre...

A total of 110 strains of Streptococcus suis, isolated from diseased pigs in Brazil were serotyped and analyzed for virulence. Serotyping of the strains resulted in the following classification: 42 strains of serotype 2 (38.2%), 10 strains of serotype 14 (9.1%), seven strains of serotype 9 (6.4%), three strains each of serotype 7 and 11 (2.7%), two strains each of serotype 1 and 8 (1.8%) and on...

Neutralizing antibody titers to four bovine rotavirus strains, representing three serotypes, were measured in 160 sera from cattle of different age groups. Age-specific seroprevalence analysis revealed serotype 6, represented by bovine rotavirus (BRV) NCDV, as the predominant rotavirus serotype infecting German cattle and serotype 10, represented by BRV V1005, as the least prominent. Infections...

C. neoformans is a basidiomycetous, yeast-like fungus that, following inhalation from an environmental source, causes respiratory and neurological infection in humans and animals. This fungus has 5 serotypes (A, B, C, D, and AD), and recently was subdivided into 3 varieties known as C. neoformans var. grubii (serotype A), C. neoformans var. neoformans (serotype D), and C. neoformans var. gattii...

The protective activity against experimental Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection of a human monoclonal antibody, MH-4H7, which is thought to recognize L-rhamnose and its neighboring residues in the outer core region of P. aeruginosa lipopolysaccharide and which binds to strains of Homma serotypes A, F, G, H, K, and M, was studied in normal, burned, and leukopenic mice. MH-4H7 at doses of 0.1 to 1....

Natural hybridization between two strains, varieties, or species is a common phenomenon in both plants and animals. Although hybridization may skew established gene pools, it generates population diversity efficiently and sometimes results in the emergence of newly adapted genotypes. Cryptococcus neoformans, which causes the most frequent opportunistic fungal infection in immunocompromised host...

AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) plays a major role in the regulation of cardiac energy substrate utilization and can be negatively regulated by Akt activation in the heart. It has recently been shown that Akt directly phosphorylates AMPKalpha(1)/alpha(2) on Ser(485/491) in vitro and prevents the AMPK kinase (AMPKK) LKB1 from phosphorylating AMPKalpha at its primary activation site, Thr(172)...