This study examines the intrinsic fitness burden associated with RNA polymerase (rpoB) mutations conferring rifampin resistance in Escherichia coli K12 (MG1655) and explores the nature of adaptation to the costs of resistance. Among 28 independent Rif(r) mutants, the per-generation fitness burden (in the absence of rifampin) ranged from 0 to 28%, with a median of 6.4%. We detected no relationsh...

This article presents a new planar translational cable-direct-driven robot 1 (CDDR) with actuation redundancy and supported against loading normal to the 2 motion plane with a passive planar two-degree-of-freedom SCARA-type (Selective 3 Compliance Assembly Robot Arm) serial manipulator. This allows the robot to 4 resist cable sag without being supported on the motion plane. The proposed robot 5...

EGFR T790M mutation occurs in half of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with acquired EGFR-TKI (TKI) resistance, based on tumor re-biopsies using an invasive clinical procedure. Here, we dynamically monitored T790M mutation in circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) using serial plasma samples from NSCLC patients receiving TKI through Droplet Digital PCR (ddPCR) method and the associations betw...

Campylobacter jejuni is the most common bacterium that causes diarrhea worldwide, and chickens are considered the main reservoir of this pathogen. This study investigated the effects of serial truncation of lipooligosaccharide (LOS), a major component of the outer membrane of C. jejuni, on its bile resistance and intestinal colonization ability in chickens. Genes encoding manno-heptose syntheta...

The successful transplantation and serial propa gation of heterologous tumors through successive generations of latoratory animals are sought for experimental purposes. Total-body irradiation of hosts, alone or in combination with cortisone in jections, is now being used to alter the natural immunity of hosts to foreign tissues (1, 10). The discovery by Pillemer that a normal serum euglobulin, ...

Visual search for an element defined by the conjunction of its colour and orientation has previously been shown to be a serial processing task since reaction times increase linearly with the number of distractor elements used in the display. Evidence is presented that there are parallel processing constituents to this serial search. Processing time depended on the ratio of the number of the two...

Genetic heterogeneity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) within a patient has caused great concern as it might complicate antibiotic treatment and cause treatment failure. But the extent of genetic heterogeneity has not been described in detail nor has its association with heterogeneous treatment response. During treatment of a subject with MDR-TB, serial computed tomography (CT) scans showed ...

The study examines the extent and frequency of a knockdown-type resistance allele (kdr type) in North American populations of human head lice. Lice were collected from 32 locations in Canada and the United States. DNA was extracted from individual lice and used to determine their zygosity using the serial invasive signal amplification technique to detect the kdr-type T917I (TI) mutation, which ...

The mechanism of action of the quinolone analogs ofloxacin and S-25930, which are unusual because of the presence of a third ring with an asymmetric carbon, was studied. Drug-resistant strains of Escherichia coli were selected by serial passage in the presence of ofloxacin, and a mutation was mapped near the gyrA gene of DNA gyrase. DNA gyrase containing the A subunit purified from this strain ...

The nucleotide analog adefovir dipivoxil (ADV) is an effective antiviral treatment for chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, with resistance to ADV estimated to occur less frequently than resistance to lamivudine treatment. The detection of ADV resistance mutations is necessary during therapy to monitor and anticipate possible treatment failure. The INNO-LiPA HBV DR v2 (LiPA; Innogenetics,...